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Para-fascism refers to authoritarian conservative movements and regimes that adopt characteristics associated with fascism such as personality cults, paramilitary organizations, symbols and rhetoric, but it diverges from conventional fascist tenets such as palingenetic ultranationalism, modernism, and populism.[1][2] It often emerges in response to the need for a facade of popular support in an age of mass politics, without a genuine commitment to revolutionary nationalism, instead focusing on maintaining tradition, religion, and culture. Para-fascist regimes may co-opt or neutralize genuine fascist movements.[3] Examples of para-fascism include the regimes and movements of Austrofascism in Austria,[4] Metaxism in Greece,[5] the “New State” of Salazars’ Portugal,[6] and Francoism in Spain.
- ^ Griffin 1993, pp. 120–124, 240.
- ^ Freeden, Michael; Sargent, Lyman; Stears, Marc (2013). The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies. Oxford. pp. 294–297. ISBN 978-0-19-958597-7.
- ^ Griffin 1993, pp. 124.
- ^ Griffin 1993, pp. 124–126.
- ^ Griffin 1993, pp. 122.
- ^ Griffin 1993, pp. 122–123.