Back Ισπανική διάλεκτος της Παραγουάης Greek Español paraguayo Spanish Espagnol paraguayen French Castelán paraguaio Galician Paraguayi spanyol nyelvjárás Hungarian Espanhol paraguaio Portuguese Парагвайский испанский Russian
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| Paraguayan Spanish | |
|---|---|
| Castellano paraguayo | |
| Pronunciation | [espaˈɲol paɾaˈɣwaʝo] |
| Native to | Paraguay |
Native speakers | 6 million (2014)[1] |
Early forms | |
| Latin (Spanish alphabet) | |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  Paraguay |
| Regulated by | Academia Paraguaya de la Lengua Española |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | es |
| ISO 639-2 | spa[2] |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
| IETF | es-PY |
Paraguayan Spanish (Spanish: castellano paraguayo) is the set of dialects of the Spanish language spoken in Paraguay. In addition, it influences the speech of the Argentine provinces of Misiones, Corrientes, Formosa, and, to a lesser extent, Chaco. Paraguayan Spanish possesses marked characteristics of the Spanish previously spoken in northern Spain, because a majority of the first Spanish settlers were from Old Castile and the Basque Country. In addition, there is great influence, in both vocabulary and grammar, from the Guarani language. Guarani is co-official with Spanish in Paraguay,[3] and most Paraguayans speak both languages.[4] Guaraní is the home language of more than half the population of Paraguay, with higher proportions of its use in rural areas, and those who speak Spanish at home slightly in the majority in the cities.[5] In addition to the strong influence of Guarani, Paraguayan Spanish is also influenced by Rioplatense Spanish due to the geographical, historical, and cultural proximity, as well as the sharing of features such as voseo, which is "the use of vos as a second-person singular pronoun."[6] Paraguayan Spanish is notable for its lack of yeísmo, meaning that the phonemes /ʎ/ (spelled ⟨ll⟩) and /ʝ/ (spelled ⟨y⟩) are distinguished.
The Swedish linguist Bertil Malmberg visited Paraguay in 1946 and observed several features of Spanish pronunciation that he attributed to Guaraní influence.[7] The Guaraní origin of many of these features, however, has been questioned by other researchers, who document them in dialects not in contact with Guaraní.[8]
- ^ Spanish → Paraguay at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ "ISO 639-2 Language Code search". Library of Congress. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
- ^ Simon Romero, "An Indigenous Language With Unique Staying Power", The New York Times, March 12, 2012
- ^ William R. Long, "Native Guarani Vies with Spanish Paraguay's 2 Languages Source of Pride, Concern", Los Angeles Times, April 13, 1988
- ^ J. K. Choi, 2005, "Bilingualism in Paraguay: Forty Years After Rubin's Study". Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 26(3), 233-248, as cited by Sarah Gevene Hopton Tyler, 2010, "Intergenerational Linguistic Changes to the Spanish Dialect of Three Participant Groups from Greater Asunción (Paraguay)", M.A. thesis, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, p. 3.
- ^ Gerardo, Kayser (2001). El dialecto rioplatense = The River Plate dialect. Buenos Aires: Editorial Dunken.
- ^ Luis Flórez, review of Malmberg's Notas sobre la fonética del español en el Paraguay[permanent dead link] (Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup, 1947), in Thesaurus: Boletín del Instituto Caro y Cuervo, 6 (1950), 301.
- ^ Paul Cassano, "The Substrate Theory in Relation to the Bilingualism of Paraguay: Problems and Findings", in Anthropological Linguistics, 15 (1973), 406-426, as cited in D. Lincoln Canfield, Spanish Pronunciation in the Americas (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), p. 70.