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Penang Hokkien

Penang Hokkien
庇能福建話
Pī-néeng Hok-kiàn-uā (Tâi-lô)
Pī-né͘ng Hok-kiàn-ōa (Pe̍͘h-ōa-jī)
Native toMalaysia
RegionPenang, parts of Kedah, northern Perak (Kerian, Larut and Hulu Perak) and Perlis
Early forms
Latin
- Modified Tâi-lô
- Modified Pe̍h-ōe-jī (Pe̍͘h-ōa-jī)
- Ad hoc methods
Chinese Characters
- Traditional
Hangul (Experimental)
- Hokkien Imji
Mixed script comprising the above methods
Language codes
ISO 639-3nan for Southern Min / Min Nan which encompasses a variety of Hokkien dialects including "Penang-Medan Hokkien" / "Penang Hokkien".[4]
GlottologNone
Linguasphere79-AAA-jek
Penang Hokkien
Traditional Chinese庇能福建話
Tâi-lôPī-néeng Hok-kiàn-uā
Transcriptions
Southern Min
Hokkien POJPī-né͘ng Hok-kiàn-ōa /
Pī-nɛ́ng[b] Hok-kiàn-ōa
Tâi-lôPī-néeng Hok-kiàn-uā
Alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese檳城福建話
Simplified Chinese槟城福建话
Tâi-lôPin-siânn Hok-kiàn-uā
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinBīnchéng Fújiànhuà
Southern Min
Hokkien POJPin-siâⁿ Hok-kiàn-ōa
Tâi-lôPin-siânn Hok-kiàn-uā
A Penang Hokkien speaker, recorded in Malaysia.

Penang Hokkien (Chinese: 庇能福建話; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Pī-né͘ng Hok-kiàn-ōa; Tâi-lô: Pī-néeng Hok-kiàn-uā; IPA: /pi˨˩nɛŋ˦˥ hɔk̚˦kiɛn˥˧ua˨˩/) is a local variant of Hokkien spoken in Penang, Malaysia. It is spoken natively by 63.9% of Penang's Chinese community,[5] and also by some Penangite Indians and Penangite Malays.[6]

It was once the lingua franca among the majority Chinese population in Penang, Kedah, Perlis and northern Perak. However, since the 1980s, many younger speakers have shifted towards Malaysian Mandarin under the Speak Mandarin Campaign in Chinese-medium schools in Malaysia, even though Mandarin was not previously spoken in these regions.[7][8][9][6][10][11] Mandarin has been adopted as the only language of instruction in Chinese schools and, from the 1980s to mid-2010s, these schools penalised students and teachers for using non-Mandarin varieties of Chinese.[12] A 2021 study found that Penang Hokkien was a 'threatened' language in the Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale, due to the encroachment of Mandarin.[13]

Penang Hokkien is a subdialect of Zhangzhou (漳州; Tsiang-tsiu) Hokkien, with extensive use of Malay and English loanwords. Compared to dialects in Fujian (福建; Hok-kiàn) province, it most closely resembles the variety spoken in the district of Haicang (海滄; Hái-tshng) in Longhai (龍海; Liông-hái) county and in the districts of Jiaomei (角美; Kak-bí) and Xinglin (杏林; Hēng-lîm) in neighbouring Xiamen (廈門; Ēe-muî) prefecture.[citation needed] In Southeast Asia, similar dialects are spoken in the states bordering Penang (Kedah, Perlis and northern Perak), as well as in Medan and North Sumatra, Indonesia. It is markedly distinct from Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien, Singaporean Hokkien and Taiwanese Hokkien.

  1. ^ Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
  2. ^ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
  3. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (10 July 2023). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
  4. ^ "Reclassifying ISO 639-3 [nan]" (PDF). GitHub. 31 August 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  5. ^ "Dialects and Languages in Numbers". Penang Monthly. Archived from the original on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
  6. ^ a b Mok, Opalyn (14 July 2015). "Saving the Penang Hokkien Language, One Word at A Time". Malay Mail. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019.
  7. ^ Ong, Teresa Wai See (2020). "Safeguarding Penang Hokkien in Malaysia: Attitudes and Community-Driven Efforts". Linguistics Journal. 14 (1).
  8. ^ Ding, Weilun 丁伟伦 (23 June 2016). "[Fāngyán kètí shàng piān] "jiǎng huáyǔ yùndòng" chōngjí dà niánqīng rén shuō bu chū fāngyán" 【方言课题上篇】“讲华语运动”冲击大年轻人说不出方言 [[Dialect Topic Part 1] "Speak Mandarin Campaign" Hits Young People Unable to Speak Dialects]. Kwong Wah Yit Poh (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 6 November 2019.
  9. ^ Koh, Aun Qi (9 September 2017). "Penang Hokkien and Its Struggle for Survival". New Naratif. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017.
  10. ^ Mok, Opalyn (19 August 2017). "Has Mandarin Replaced Hokkien in Penang?". Malay Mail. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019.
  11. ^ Randy Mulyanto (24 January 2021). "Meet the Malaysian on a mission to make Hokkien great again, amid Mandarin's rising popularity in Southeast Asia". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  12. ^ Li, Zhiyong 李志勇 (7 September 2017). "Dà mǎ fāngyán zài xìng (èr): Huáyǔ hé fāngyán shìbùliǎnglì?" 大马方言再兴（二）：华语和方言势不两立？. Malaysiakini (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 7 September 2017.
  13. ^ Ting, Su-Hie; Teng, Jonathan Zie-Ming (1 November 2021). "Chinese teenagers' perceptions of vitality of Hokkien Chinese in Penang, Malaysia". International Journal of the Sociology of Language (272): 185–217. doi:10.1515/ijsl-2020-0024. ISSN 1613-3668.


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