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Philistines

This article is about the ancient people. For their polity, see Philistia. For the derogatory term, see Philistinism. For other uses, see Philistines (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Palestinians.

Philistine territory along with neighboring states; such as the separate kingdoms of Judah and Israel, in the 9th century BC

The Philistines (Hebrew: פְּלִשְׁתִּים, romanized: Pəlištīm; LXX: Koinē Greek: Φυλιστιείμ, romanized: Phulistieím; Latin: Philistaei) were an ancient people who lived on the south coast of Canaan during the Iron Age in a confederation of city-states generally referred to as Philistia.

There is compelling evidence to suggest that Philistines originated from a Greek immigrant group from the Aegean.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] The immigrant group settled in Canaan around 1175 BC during the Late Bronze Age collapse. Over time, they gradually assimilated elements of the indigenous Canaanite societies, while preserving their own unique culture.[9]

In 604 BC, the Philistines, who had been under the rule of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–605 BC), were ultimately vanquished by King Nebuchadnezzar II of the Neo-Babylonian Empire.[10] Much like the kingdoms of Israel and Judah, the Philistines lost their autonomy by the end of the Iron Age, becoming vassals to the Assyrians, Egyptians, and later Babylonians. Historical sources suggest that Nebuchadnezzar II destroyed Ashkelon and Ekron due to the Philistines' rebellion, leading to the exile of many Philistines, who gradually lost their distinct identity in Babylonia. By the late fifth century BC, the Philistines no longer appear as a distinct group in historical or archaeological records,[11][12] though the extent of their assimilation remains subject to debate.

The Philistines are known for their biblical conflict with the Canaanite peoples of the region, in particular, the Israelites. Though the primary source of information about the Philistines is the Hebrew Bible, they are first attested to in reliefs at the Temple of Ramesses III at Medinet Habu, in which they are called the Peleset (𓊪𓏲𓂋𓏤𓏤𓐠𓍘𓇋𓍑), accepted as cognate with Hebrew Peleshet;[13] the parallel Assyrian term is Palastu, Pilišti, or Pilistu (Akkadian: 𒉺𒆷𒀸𒌓, 𒉿𒇷𒅖𒋾, and 𒉿𒇷𒅖𒌓).[14] They also left behind a distinctive material culture.[9]

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference NewSci was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ "Ancient Philistines Were Likely of Greek Origin, DNA Study Shows"
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference BAS was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Vogazianos, Stephanos (1994). "The philistine emergence and its possible bearing on the appearance and activities of Aegean invaders in the east Mediterranean area at the end of the Mycenaean period". Archaeologia Cypria (Κυπριακή Αρχαιολογία) III, 1994 [14] (14): 22–34. ISSN 0257-1951.
  5. ^ Russell, Anthony (2009). "Deconstructing Ashdoda: Migration, Hybridisation, and the Philistine Identity". Babesch. 84: 1–15. doi:10.2143/BAB.84.0.2041632.
  6. ^ Barako, Tristan (2003). "The Changing Perception of the Sea Peoples Phenomenon: Invasion, Migration or Cultural Diffusion?". University of Crete – via Academia.edu.
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference Ben2019 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ Wylie, Jonathon; Master, Daniel (2020). "The conditions for Philistine ethnogenesis". Ägypten und Levante. XXX: 547–568. doi:10.1553/AEundL30s547. ISSN 1015-5104.
  9. ^ a b Aaron J. Brody; Roy J. King (2013). "Genetics and the Archaeology of Ancient Israel". Human Biology. 85 (6): 925. doi:10.13110/humanbiology.85.6.0925. ISSN 0018-7143.
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference NYT was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ Meyers 1997, p. 313.
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Raffaele D'Amato; Andrea Salimbeti (2015). Sea Peoples of the Bronze Age Mediterranean c. 1400 BC-1000 BC. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 30–32. ISBN 978-1-4728-0683-3.
  14. ^ Hans Wildberger (1979) [1978]. Isaiah 13-27: A Continental Commentary. Translated by Thomas H. Trapp. Fortress Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-4514-0934-5.

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