Back Anglos d'o viento AN Курс (ветроходство) Bulgarian Angles del vent Catalan Kurse zum Wind German Ángulos del viento Spanish Allure (marine) French כיווני השיט ביחס לרוח HE Titik layar ID Beiting (siglingar) Icelandic Andatura (vela) Italian
A. Into the wind; shaded: "no-go zone" where a craft may be "in irons".
B. Close-hauled (used when beating to windward)
between B and C. Close reach
C. Beam reach
D. Broad reach
E. Running downwind
A point of sail is a sailing craft's direction of travel under sail in relation to the true wind direction over the surface.
The principal points of sail roughly correspond to 45° segments of a circle, starting with 0° directly into the wind. For many sailing craft 45° on either side of the wind is a no-go zone, where a sail is unable to mobilize power from the wind. Sailing on a course as close to the wind as possible—approximately 45°—is termed beating, a point of sail when the sails are close-hauled. At 90° off the wind, a craft is on a beam reach. The point of sail between beating and a beam reach is called a close reach. At 135° off the wind, a craft is on a broad reach. At 180° off the wind (sailing in the same direction as the wind), a craft is running downwind.[1]
A given point of sail (beating, close reach, beam reach, broad reach, and running downwind) is defined in reference to the true wind—the wind felt by a stationary observer. The motive power, and thus appropriate position of the sails, is determined by the apparent wind: the wind relative to an observer on the sailing craft.[1][2] The apparent wind is the combined effect of the velocities of the true wind and of the sailing craft.[1]
A sail with the airflow parallel to its surface, while angled into the apparent wind, acts substantially like a wing with lift as a force acting perpendicular to its surface. A sail with the apparent wind perpendicular to its surface, acts substantially like a parachute with the drag on the sail as the dominant force. As a sailing craft transitions from close-hauled to running downwind, the lifting force decreases and the drag force increases. At the same time, the resistance to sidewards motion needed to keep the craft on course also decreases, along with the sideways tipping force.[1]
There is a zone of approximately 45° on either side of the true wind, where a sail cannot generate lift, called the "no-go zone". The angle encompassed by the no-go zone depends on the airfoil efficiency of the craft's sails and the craft's lateral resistance on the surface (from hydrofoils, outriggers, or a keel in the water, runners on ice, or wheels on land). A craft remaining in its no-go zone will slow to a stop—it will be "in irons".[2]
- ^ a b c d Rousmaniere, John (7 January 2014). The Annapolis book of seamanship. Smith, Mark (Mark E.) (Fourth ed.). New York. pp. 47–9. ISBN 978-1-4516-5019-8. OCLC 862092350.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Kimball, John (2009). Physics of Sailing. CRC Press. p. 296. ISBN 978-1466502666.