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| Polistes exclamans | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Vespidae |
| Subfamily: | Polistinae |
| Tribe: | Polistini |
| Genus: | Polistes |
| Species: | P. exclamans
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| Binomial name | |
| Polistes exclamans Viereck, 1906
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| Synonyms[1] | |
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Polistes exclamans, the Guinea paper wasp, is a social wasp and is part of the family Vespidae of the order Hymenoptera.[2] It is found throughout the United States, Mexico, the Bahamas, Jamaica and parts of Canada.[3][4] Due to solitary nest founding by queens, P. exclamans has extended its range in the past few decades and now covers the eastern half of the United States, as well as part of the north. This expansion is typically attributed to changing global climate and temperatures.[3] P. exclamans has three specific castes, including males, workers, and queens, but the dominance hierarchy is further distinguished by age. The older the wasp is, the higher it is in ranking within the colony.[5] In most P. exclamans nests, there is one queen who lays all the eggs in the colony. The physiological similarities between the worker and queen castes have led to experiments attempting to distinguish the characteristics of these two castes and how they are determined, though males have easily identifiable physiological characteristics. Since P. exclamans live in relatively small, open combed nests, they are often subject to predators and parasites, such as Chalcoela iphitalis, Elasmus polistis, and birds. P. exclamans have defense and recognition strategies that help protect against these predators and parasites.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Carpenterwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Seppa, Queller and Strassmann (1892). "Reproduction in foundress associations of the social wasp, Polistes carolina: conventions, competition, and skew". Behavioral Ecology. 13 (1): 531–542. doi:10.1093/beheco/13.4.531.
- ^ a b West (1968). "Range extension and solitary nest founding in Polistes exclamans". Psyche. 75 (2): 118–123. doi:10.1155/1968/49846.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Albertawas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Strassmann, J. E. (1985). "Worker mortality and the evolution of castes in the social wasp, Polistes exclamans". Insectes Sociaux. 32 (3): 275–285. doi:10.1007/BF02224916. S2CID 27099717.