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Populism is a range of political stances that emphasize the idea of the common people and often position this group in opposition to a perceived elite group.[1] It is frequently associated with anti-establishment and anti-political sentiment.[2] The term developed in the late 19th century and has been applied to various politicians, parties and movements since that time, often as a pejorative. Within political science and other social sciences, several different definitions of populism have been employed, with some scholars proposing that the term be rejected altogether.[1][3]
A common framework for interpreting populism is known as the ideational approach: this defines populism as an ideology that presents "the people" as a morally good force and contrasts them against "the elite", who are portrayed as corrupt and self-serving.[4] Populists differ in how "the people" are defined, but it can be based along class, ethnic, or national lines. Populists typically present "the elite" as comprising the political, economic, cultural, and media establishment, depicted as a homogeneous entity and accused of placing their own interests, and often the interests of other groups—such as large corporations, foreign countries, or the ruling political party—above the interests of "the people".[5] According to the ideational approach, populism is often combined with other ideologies, such as nationalism, liberalism, socialism, capitalism or consumerism. Thus, populists can be found at different locations along the left–right political spectrum, and there exist both left-wing populism and right-wing populism.[6]
Other scholars of the social sciences have defined the term populism differently. According to the popular agency definition used by some historians of United States history, populism refers to popular engagement of the population in political decision-making. An approach associated with the political scientist Ernesto Laclau presents populism as an emancipatory social force through which marginalised groups challenge dominant power structures. Some economists have used the term in reference to governments which engage in substantial public spending financed by foreign loans, resulting in hyperinflation and emergency measures. In popular discourse — where the term has often been used pejoratively — it has sometimes been used synonymously with demagogy, to describe politicians who present overly simplistic answers to complex questions in a highly emotional manner, or with political opportunism, to characterise politicians who exploit problems and seek to please voters without rational consideration as to the best course of action.[7] Some scholars have linked populist policies to adverse economic outcomes, as "economic disintegration, decreasing macroeconomic stability, and the erosion of institutions typically go hand in hand with populist rule."[8]
- ^ a b Mudde & Rovira Kaltwasser 2017, p. 25.
- ^ Glaser, E. (2018). Anti-Politics: On the Demonization of Ideology, Authority and the State. Watkins Media. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-912248-12-4. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Bermanwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Populism in the Twenty-First Century: An Illiberal Democratic Response to Undemocratic Liberalism – The Andrea Mitchell Center for the Study of Democracy". Cas Mudde. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
- ^ Muller, J.W.; Müller, J.W. (2016). What Is Populism?. University of Pennsylvania Press, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8122-9378-4.
- ^ Huber, Robert A.; Jankowski, Michael; Juen, Christina-Marie (5 December 2022). "Populist parties and the two-dimensional policy space". European Journal of Political Research. 62 (3). Wiley: 989–1004. doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12569. ISSN 0304-4130. S2CID 253567133.
- ^ Yilmaz, Ihsan; Morieson, Nicholas (14 April 2021). "A Systematic Literature Review of Populism, Religion and Emotions". Religions. 12 (4): 272. doi:10.3390/rel12040272. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30150378. ISSN 2077-1444.
- ^ Funke, Manuel; Schularick, Moritz; Trebesch, Christoph (2023). "Populist Leaders and the Economy". American Economic Review. 113 (12): 3249–88. doi:10.1257/aer.