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Prosocial behavior

Not to be confused with parasocial.
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Prosocial behavior, or intent to benefit others,[1] is a social behavior that "benefit[s] other people or society as a whole",[2] "such as helping, sharing, donating, co-operating, and volunteering".[3] Obeying the rules and conforming to socially accepted behaviors (such as stopping at a "Stop" sign or paying for groceries) are also regarded as prosocial behaviors.[4] These actions may be motivated by culturally influenced value systems; empathy and concern about the welfare and rights of others;[5] egoistic or practical concerns, such as one's social status or reputation, hope for direct or indirect reciprocity, or adherence to one's perceived system of fairness;[1] or altruism, though the existence of pure altruism is somewhat disputed, and some have argued that this falls into the philosophical rather than psychological realm of debate.[6] Evidence suggests that prosociality is central to the well-being of social groups across a range of scales, including schools. Prosocial behavior in the classroom can have a significant impact on a student's motivation for learning and contributions to the classroom and larger community.[7][8] In the workplace, prosocial behaviour can have a significant impact on team psychological safety, as well as positive indirect effects on employee's helping behaviors and task performance.[9] Empathy is a strong motive in eliciting prosocial behavior, and has deep evolutionary roots.[10][11]

Prosocial behavior fosters positive traits that are beneficial for children and society. It helps many beneficial functions by bettering production of any league and its organizational scale.[12] Evolutionary psychologists use theories such as kin-selection theory and inclusive fitness as an explanation for why prosocial behavioral tendencies are passed down generationally, according to the evolutionary fitness displayed by those who engaged in prosocial acts.[13] Encouraging prosocial behavior may also require decreasing or eliminating undesirable social behaviors.[8]

Although the term "prosocial behavior" is often associated with developing desirable traits in children,[14][15] the literature on the topic has grown since the late 1980s to include adult behaviors as well.[16] The term "prosocial" has grown into a world-wide movement,[17][18] using evolutionary science[19] to create real-world pro-social changes from working groups[20] to whole cultures.[21]

  1. ^ a b Eisenberg, Nancy; Fabes, Richard A; Spinrad, Tracy L (2007). "Prosocial Development". Handbook of Child Psychology. doi:10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0311. ISBN 978-0-470-14765-8.
  2. ^ Prosocial behavior, PsychWiki.com Archived 2011-08-11 at the Wayback Machine, Aug. 4, 2011
  3. ^ Arthur P. Brief & Stephan J. Motowidlo (1986). "Prosocial organizational behaviors". The Academy of Management Review. 11 (4): 710–725. doi:10.2307/258391. JSTOR 258391.
  4. ^ Baumeister & Bushman (2007). Social Psychology and Human Nature. Cengage Learning. p. 254. ISBN 9780495116332.
  5. ^ Santrock, John W. A Topical Approach to Life Span Development 4th Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007. Ch. 15, pp. 489–491
  6. ^ Sloan Wilson, David (2015). Does Altruism Exist?: Culture, Genes, and the Welfare of Others. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300189490.
  7. ^ Helliwell, J. F.; Putnam, R. D. (2004). "The social context of well-being". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 359 (1449): 1435–1446. doi:10.1098/rstb.2004.1522. PMC 1693420. PMID 15347534.
  8. ^ a b Straubhaar, Joseph D., Robert LaRose, and Lucinda Davenport. Media Now: Understanding Media, Culture, and Technology. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, 2009. pp. 427–28 ISBN 1-4390-8257-X.
  9. ^ Frazier, M. L.; Tupper, C. (2018). "Supervisor Prosocial Motivation, Employee Thriving, and Helping Behavior: A Trickle-Down Model of Psychological Safety". Group & Organization Management. 43 (4): 561–593. doi:10.1177/1059601116653911.
  10. ^ Silk, J & House, B (2011). "Evolutionary foundations of human prosocial sentiments". PNAS. 108 (Suppl 2): 10910–7. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10810910S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1100305108. PMC 3131813. PMID 21690372.
  11. ^ Decety, J (2011). "The neuroevolution of empathy". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1231 (1): 35–45. Bibcode:2011NYASA1231...35D. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06027.x. PMID 21651564. S2CID 9895828.
  12. ^ "Lacking Staus Hinders Prosocial Behavior Among the Powerful".[permanent dead link]
  13. ^ Barrett, Louise (2002). Human Evolutionary Psychology. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-09622-3.
  14. ^ Eisenberg, Nancy; Paul Henry Mussen (1989-08-25). The Roots of Prosocial Behavior in Children. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33771-7.[page needed]
  15. ^ "Prosocial Behavior Page, US Dept. of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families-US Dept. of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families". Archived from the original on 2011-10-07.
  16. ^ Prosocial Behavior. Excerpt from "More about Generosity: An Addendum to the Generosity, Social Psychology and Philanthropy Literature Reviews" Archived 2011-10-06 at the Wayback Machine, University of Notre Dame, July 7, 2009
  17. ^ "Landing". www.prosocial.world. Retrieved 2020-08-08.
  18. ^ "Prosocial.World". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 2020-08-08.
  19. ^ Biglan, Anthony. The nurture effect : how the science of human behavior can improve our lives and our world. Oakland, CA. ISBN 978-1-60882-956-9. OCLC 903690030.
  20. ^ Atkins, Paul W. B. (2019). Prosocial : using evolutionary science to build productive, equitable, and collaborative groups. Wilson, David Sloan, Hayes, Steven C. Oakland, CA. ISBN 978-1-68403-024-8. OCLC 1080428681.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  21. ^ Biglan, Anthony (2020). Rebooting Capitalism: How We Can Forge a Society That Works for Everyone. Eugene, OR, US: Values to Action. ISBN 978-0578690902.

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