Race and health in the United States

Research shows many health disparities among different racial and ethnic groups in the United States.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] Different outcomes in mental and physical health exist between all U.S. Census-recognized racial groups, but these differences stem from different historical and current factors, including genetics, socioeconomic factors, and racism.^[5] Research has demonstrated that numerous health care professionals show implicit bias in the way that they treat patients.^[6] Certain diseases have a higher prevalence among specific racial groups, and life expectancy also varies across groups.^[2]^[3]^[4]

^ "How to Improve Access to Health Care: Issues & Potential Solutions". healthadministrationdegree.usc.edu. Los Angeles and Sacramento, California: USC Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California. 2023. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
^ ^a ^b Murdock, Christopher J.; Laurencin, Lynne; Christensen, Donna M.; Laurencin, Cato T. (June 2018). "HIV/AIDS and the African-American Community 2018: A Decade Call To Action". Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. 5 (3). Springer Nature: 449–458. doi:10.1007/s40615-018-0491-0. ISSN 2196-8837. PMC 8224540. PMID 29869005.
^ ^a ^b Guilamo-Ramos, V; Thimm-Kaiser, M; Benzekri, A; Chacón, G; Rios, E; Scaccabarrozzi, L (January 2020). "The Invisible US Hispanic/Latino HIV Crisis: Addressing Gaps in the National Response". American Journal of Public Health. 110 (1). American Public Health Association: 27–31. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2019.305309. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 6893335. PMID 31725313.
^ ^a ^b Lee, S.; Martinez, G.; Ma, G.; Hsu, C. E.; Robinson, E. S.; Bawa, J.; Juon, H.-S. (January–February 2010). Glover, Elbert D. (ed.). "Barriers to Health Care Access in 13 Asian American Communities". American Journal of Health Behavior. 34 (1). PNG Publications and Scientific Research Limited: 21–30. doi:10.5993/AJHB.34.1.3. ISSN 1945-7359. PMC 6628721. PMID 19663748. S2CID 31669071.
^ ^a ^b Armstrong, Katrina; Putt, Mary; Halbert, Chanita H.; Grande, David; Schwartz, Jerome Sanford; Liao, Kaijun; Marcus, Noora; Demeter, Mirar B.; Shea, Judy A. (February 2013). "Prior Experiences of Racial Discrimination and Racial Differences in Health Care System Distrust". Medical Care. 51 (2). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins on behalf of the American Public Health Association: 144–150. doi:10.1097/mlr.0b013e31827310a1. ISSN 0025-7079. PMC 3552105. PMID 23222499. S2CID 46125799.
^ FitzGerald C, Hurst S (March 2017). "Implicit bias in healthcare professionals: a systematic review". BMC Medical Ethics. 18 (1): 19. doi:10.1186/s12910-017-0179-8. PMC 5333436. PMID 28249596.

[USC_Price-1] "How to Improve Access to Health Care: Issues & Potential Solutions". healthadministrationdegree.usc.edu. Los Angeles and Sacramento, California: USC Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California. 2023. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.

[Black-HIV/AIDS-2] Murdock, Christopher J.; Laurencin, Lynne; Christensen, Donna M.; Laurencin, Cato T. (June 2018). "HIV/AIDS and the African-American Community 2018: A Decade Call To Action". Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. 5 (3). Springer Nature: 449–458. doi:10.1007/s40615-018-0491-0. ISSN 2196-8837. PMC 8224540. PMID 29869005.

[Latino_HIV_Crisis-3] Guilamo-Ramos, V; Thimm-Kaiser, M; Benzekri, A; Chacón, G; Rios, E; Scaccabarrozzi, L (January 2020). "The Invisible US Hispanic/Latino HIV Crisis: Addressing Gaps in the National Response". American Journal of Public Health. 110 (1). American Public Health Association: 27–31. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2019.305309. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 6893335. PMID 31725313.

[Am._J._Health_Behav.-4] Lee, S.; Martinez, G.; Ma, G.; Hsu, C. E.; Robinson, E. S.; Bawa, J.; Juon, H.-S. (January–February 2010). Glover, Elbert D. (ed.). "Barriers to Health Care Access in 13 Asian American Communities". American Journal of Health Behavior. 34 (1). PNG Publications and Scientific Research Limited: 21–30. doi:10.5993/AJHB.34.1.3. ISSN 1945-7359. PMC 6628721. PMID 19663748. S2CID 31669071.

[Med._Care-5] Armstrong, Katrina; Putt, Mary; Halbert, Chanita H.; Grande, David; Schwartz, Jerome Sanford; Liao, Kaijun; Marcus, Noora; Demeter, Mirar B.; Shea, Judy A. (February 2013). "Prior Experiences of Racial Discrimination and Racial Differences in Health Care System Distrust". Medical Care. 51 (2). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins on behalf of the American Public Health Association: 144–150. doi:10.1097/mlr.0b013e31827310a1. ISSN 0025-7079. PMC 3552105. PMID 23222499. S2CID 46125799.

[6] FitzGerald C, Hurst S (March 2017). "Implicit bias in healthcare professionals: a systematic review". BMC Medical Ethics. 18 (1): 19. doi:10.1186/s12910-017-0179-8. PMC 5333436. PMID 28249596.

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