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Reign of Terror

This article is about the Reign of Terror in the French Revolution. For other uses, see Reign of Terror (disambiguation).
"The Terror" redirects here. For other uses, see The Terror (disambiguation).

Reign of Terror
Part of the French Revolution
Nine émigrés are executed by guillotine, 1793
Date1792/1793 – 27 July 1794
LocationFirst French Republic
Organised byCommittee of Public Safety
Casualties
at least 35,000–45,000[1][2]

The Reign of Terror (French: la Terreur) was a period of the French Revolution when, following the creation of the First Republic, a series of massacres and numerous public executions took place in response to revolutionary fervour, anticlerical sentiment, and accusations of treason by the Committee of Public Safety. While terror was never formally instituted as a legal policy by the Convention, it was more often employed as a concept.[3]

There is disagreement among historians over when exactly "the Terror" began. Some consider it to have begun only in 1793, often giving the date as 5 September or 10 March, when the Revolutionary Tribunal came into existence.[4] Others, however, cite the earlier time of the September Massacres in 1792, or even July 1789, when the first killing of the revolution occurred.[a]

The term "Terror" used to describe the period was introduced by the Thermidorian Reaction, which took power after the fall of Maximilien Robespierre in July 1794,[4][5] to discredit Robespierre and justify its own actions.[6] By then, 16,594 official death sentences had been dispensed throughout France since June 1793, of which 2,639 were in Paris alone.[5][7] An additional 10,000 to 12,000 people had been executed without trial and 10,000 had died in prison.[1][2][4]

  1. ^ a b Greer, Donald (1935). The Incidence of the Terror during the French Revolution : A Statistical Interpretation. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, coll. « Harvard historical monographs » (no VIII). pp. 26–37.
  2. ^ a b Jean-Clément Martin (2017). La Terreur : vérités et légendes. Paris: Perrin. pp. 191–192.
  3. ^ Miller, Mary Ashburn (2011). A Natural History of Revolution: Violence and Nature in the French Revolutionary Imagination, 1789–1794. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0801460845. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2023 – via Google Books.
  4. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference EncBrit was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ a b Linton, Marisa. "The Terror in the French Revolution" (PDF). Kingston University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
  6. ^ Jean-Clément Martin, La Terreur, part maudite de la Révolution, Découvertes/Gallimard, 2010, pp. 14–15.
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference History Today was invoked but never defined (see the help page).


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