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Religious identity

Religious identity is a specific type of identity formation. Particularly, it is the sense of group membership to a religion and the importance of this group membership as it pertains to one's self-concept. Religious identity is not necessarily the same as religiousness or religiosity. Although these three terms share a commonality, religiousness and religiosity refer to both the value of religious group membership as well as participation in religious events (e.g. going to church).[1][2] Religious identity, on the other hand, refers specifically to religious group membership regardless of religious activity or participation.

Similar to other forms of identity formation, such as ethnic and cultural identity, the religious context can generally provide a perspective from which to view the world, opportunities to socialize with a spectrum of individuals from different generations, and a set of basic principles to live out.[3] These foundations can come to shape an individual's identity.

Despite the implications that religion has on identity development, the identity formation literature has mainly focused on ethnicity and gender and has largely discounted the role of religion. Nevertheless, an increasing number of studies have begun to include religion as a factor of interest.[1][3][4] However, many of these studies use religious identity, religiosity, and religiousness interchangeably or solely focus on religious identity and solely religious participation as separate constructs.

Of these types of research studies, researchers have examined the various factors that affect the strength of one's religious identity over time.[5][6][7] Factors that have been found to affect levels of religious identity include gender, ethnicity, and generational status.[3][8][9][10][11]

'Identity' is one of the most used terms in the social sciences and has different senses in different research paradigms. In addition to psychological studies, sociologists and anthropologists also apply the term 'religious identity' and examine its related processes in given social contexts. For example, one important study conducted in the United States after the events of September 11, 2001, explored the meaning-making among American Muslims[12] and how changes in identity ascription (what people think about another group of people) affected how Muslims sought to represent themselves. Other studies have applied concepts appropriated from race and gender identity theory such as disidentification[13] which undermines essentialist accounts of religious identity – that an individual has a 'fixed' religious identity, independent of pre-existing systems of representation and individuals' positioning within them.

Individuals who share the same religious identity are called coreligionists.

  1. ^ a b Arweck, E. & Nesbitt, E. (2010). Young people's identity formation in mixed-faith families: continuity or discontinuity of religious traditions? Journal of Contemporary Religion, 25, 67–87.
  2. ^ King, V. Elder, G.H., Whitbeck, L.B. (1997). "Religious involvement among rural youth: An ecological and life-course perspective". Journal of Research on Adolescence, 7, 431–456.
  3. ^ a b c King, P.E. & Boyatzis, C.J. (2004). "Exploring adolescent spiritual and religious development: current and future theoretical and empirical perspectives". Applied Developmental Science, 8, 2–6.
  4. ^ Lee, J.J. (2002). "Religion and college attendance: Change among students". The Review of Higher Education, 25, 369–384.
  5. ^ Arnett, J.J. (2000). "A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties". American Psychologist, 55, 469–480.
  6. ^ Valde, G.A. (1996). Identity closure: A fifth identity status. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 157, 245–254.
  7. ^ Whitbourne, S.K., & Tesch, S.A. (1985). "A comparison of identity and intimacy statuses in college students and adults". Developmental Psychology, 21, 1039–1044.
  8. ^ Harker, K. (2001). "Immigrant generation, assimilation, and adolescent psychological well-being". Social Forces, 79(3), 969–1004.
  9. ^ Hirschman, C. (2004). "The role of religion in the origins and adaptations of immigrant groups in the United States". IMR, 38, 1206–1233.
  10. ^ McCullough, M.E., Tsang, J., & Brion, S. (2003). "Personality traits in adolescents as predictors of religiousness in early adulthood: Findings from the Terman longitudinal study". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 980–991.
  11. ^ Wallace, J.M., Forman, T.A., Caldwell, C.H., & Willis, D.S. (2003). "Religion and U.S. secondary school students: Current patterns, recent trends, and sociodemographic correlates". Youth Society, 35, 98–125.
  12. ^ Peek, Lori (2005). "Becoming Muslim: The Development of a Religious Identity". Sociology of Religion. 66 (3): 215–242. doi:10.2307/4153097. ISSN 1069-4404. JSTOR 4153097.
  13. ^ Moulin-Stożek, Daniel; Schirr, Bertram J. (2017-09-03). "Identification and disidentification in reported schooling experiences of adolescent Muslims in England" (PDF). Oxford Review of Education. 43 (5): 580–595. doi:10.1080/03054985.2017.1352353. ISSN 0305-4985. S2CID 149183022.

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