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Reparations for slavery is the application of the concept of reparations to victims of slavery or their descendants. There are concepts for reparations in legal philosophy and reparations in transitional justice. In the US, reparations for slavery have been both given by legal ruling in court and/or given voluntarily (without court rulings) by individuals and institutions.[1][2]
The first recorded case of reparations for slavery in the United States was to former slave Belinda Royall in 1783, in the form of a pension, and since then reparations continue to be proposed. To the present day, no federal reparations bills have been passed.[3] The 1865 Special Field Orders No. 15 ("Forty acres and a mule") is the most well known attempt to help newly freed slaves integrate into society and accumulate wealth.[4] However, President Andrew Johnson reversed this order, giving the land back to its former Confederate owners.
Reparations have been a recurring idea in the politics of the United States, most recently in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries.[5] The call for reparations intensified in 2020, amidst the protests against police brutality and the COVID-19 pandemic, which both kill Black Americans disproportionately.[6] Calls for reparations for racism and discrimination in the US are often made by black communities and authors alongside calls for reparations for slavery.[7][8][9][10] The idea of reparations remains highly controversial, due to questions of how they would be given, how much would be given, who would pay them, and who would receive them.[11][12]
Forms of reparations which have been proposed in the United States by city, county, state, and national governments or private institutions include: individual monetary payments, settlements, scholarships, waiving of fees, and systemic initiatives to offset injustices, land-based compensation related to independence, apologies and acknowledgements of the injustices, token measures (such as naming a building after someone),[2] and the removal of monuments and streets named to slave owners and defenders of slavery.[8][13]
Since further injustices and discrimination have continued since slavery was outlawed in the US,[14][15][16][17][18] some black communities and civil rights organizations have called for reparations for those injustices as well as for reparations directly related to slavery.[12][8] Some suggest that the U.S. prison system, starting with the convict lease system and continuing through the present-day government-owned corporation Federal Prison Industries (UNICOR), is a modern form of legal slavery that still primarily and disproportionately affects black populations and other minorities via the war on drugs and what has been criticized as a school-to-prison pipeline.[19]
- ^ Medish, Mark; Lucichref, Daniel (August 30, 2019). "Congress must officially apologize for slavery before America can think about reparations". NBC News. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
- ^ a b Davis, Allen (May 11, 2020). "An Historical Timeline of Reparations Payments Made From 1783 through 2020 by the United States Government, States, Cities, Religious Institutions, Colleges and Universities, and Corporations". University of Massachusetts Amherst. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
- ^ "Why Was Belinda's Petition Approved?". The Royall House and Slave Quarters. December 27, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
- ^ Darity, William (2020). From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1469654973.
- ^ Lockhart, PR (March 19, 2019). "The 2020 Democratic primary debate over reparations, explained". Vox.
- ^ "Calls for reparations are growing louder. How is the US responding?". The Guardian. June 20, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
Several states, localities and private institutions are beginning to grapple with issue, advancing legislation or convening taskforces to develop proposals for reparations.
- ^ Cashin, Cheryll (June 21, 2019). "Reparations for slavery aren't enough. Official racism lasted much longer". The Washington Post.
- ^ a b c "Black Asheville Demands – Reparations Section". June 26, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
- ^ Coates, Ta-Nehisi (June 1, 2014). "The Case for Reparations". The Atlantic.
- ^ Marable, Manning. "Racism and Reparations: The time has come for whites to acknowledge the legacy of nearly 250 years of slavery and almost 100 years of legalized segregation". Retrieved September 18, 2020.
- ^ Alfred L. Brophy, The Cultural War over Reparations for Slavery, 53 DePaul Law Review 1181–1213, 1182–1184 (Spring 2004)
- ^ a b Jones, Thai (January 31, 2020). "Slavery reparations seem impossible. In many places, they're already happening". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
- ^ Kepley-Steward, Kristy; Santostasi, Stephanie (July 10, 2020). "Confederate monuments in downtown Asheville removed or covered". WLOS. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
- ^ "America's Long Overdue Awakening to Systemic Racism". Time. June 11, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
- ^ Jan, Tracy (March 28, 2020). "Redlining was banned 50 years ago. It's still hurting minorities today". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
- ^ Mitchell, Bruce; Franco, Juan (March 20, 2018). "HOLC "redlining" maps: The persistent structure of segregation and economic inequality". Retrieved July 12, 2020.
- ^ Nelson, Libby; Lind, Dara (February 24, 2015). "The school to prison pipeline, explained". Retrieved July 12, 2020.
- ^ "Report to the United Nations on Racial Disparities in the U.S. Criminal Justice System". April 19, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
- ^ Love, David; Das, Vijay (September 9, 2017). "Slavery in the US prison system". Al Jazeera. Retrieved July 12, 2020.