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The Reverend Roger Bacon | |
|---|---|
 Statue of Bacon at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History | |
| Born | c. 1219/20 Near Ilchester, Somerset, England |
| Died | c. 1292[1][2] (aged about 72/73) Near Oxford, Oxfordshire, England |
| Nationality | English |
| Other names | Doctor Mirabilis |
| Alma mater | University of Oxford |
| Era | Medieval philosophy |
| Region | Western philosophy |
| School | Scholasticism |
Main interests | Theology Natural philosophy, Natural sciences, Chemistry, Biology, engineering, Mathematics, Astronomy |
Notable ideas | Experimental science |
Roger Bacon OFM (/ˈbeɪkən/;[3] Latin: Rogerus or Rogerius Baconus, Baconis, also Frater Rogerus; c. 1219/20 – c. 1292), also known by the scholastic accolade Doctor Mirabilis, was a polymath, a medieval English philosopher, scientist, theologian and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on the study of nature through empiricism. Intertwining his Catholic faith with scientific thinking, Roger Bacon is considered one of the greatest polymaths of the medieval period.
In the early modern era, he was regarded as a wizard and particularly famed for the story of his mechanical or necromantic brazen head. He is credited as one of the earliest European advocates of the modern scientific method, along with his teacher Robert Grosseteste. Bacon applied the empirical method of Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) to observations in texts attributed to Aristotle. Bacon discovered the importance of empirical testing when the results he obtained were different from those that would have been predicted by Aristotle.[4][5]
His linguistic work has been heralded for its early exposition of a universal grammar, and 21st-century re-evaluations emphasise that Bacon was essentially a medieval thinker, with much of his "experimental" knowledge obtained from books in the scholastic tradition.[6] He was, however, partially responsible for a revision of the medieval university curriculum, which saw the addition of optics to the traditional quadrivium.[7]
Bacon's major work, the Opus Majus, was sent to Pope Clement IV in Rome in 1267 upon the pope's request. Although gunpowder was first invented and described in China, Bacon was the first in Europe to record its formula.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica (1878), p. 220.
- ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004).
- ^ "Bacon" Archived 15 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine entry in Collins English Dictionary.
- ^ Ackerman (1978), p. 119.
- ^ "Who is Roger Bacon?". Archived from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
- ^ MSTM (2005).
- ^ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2013), §1.