Rosalind Franklin

Rosalind Franklin
Franklin with a microscope in 1955
Born	Rosalind Elsie Franklin (1920-07-25)25 July 1920 Notting Hill, London, England
Died	16 April 1958(1958-04-16) (aged 37) Chelsea, London, England
Education	St Paul's Girls' School
Alma mater	Newnham College, Cambridge University of Cambridge (PhD)
Known for	Structure of DNA Fine structure of coal and graphite Structures of viruses
Scientific career
Fields	Physical chemistry X-ray crystallography
Institutions	British Coal Utilisation Research Association Laboratoire Central des Services Chimiques de l'État Birkbeck, University of London King's College London
Thesis	The physical chemistry of solid organic colloids with special reference to coal (1945)
Doctoral students	John Finch Kenneth Holmes

Rosalind Elsie Franklin (25 July 1920 – 16 April 1958)^[1] was a British chemist and X-ray crystallographer whose work was central to the understanding of the molecular structures of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (ribonucleic acid), viruses, coal, and graphite.^[2] Although her works on coal and viruses were appreciated in her lifetime, Franklin's contributions to the discovery of the structure of DNA were largely unrecognised during her life, for which Franklin has been variously referred to as the "wronged heroine",^[3] the "dark lady of DNA",^[4] the "forgotten heroine",^[5] a "feminist icon",^[6] and the "Sylvia Plath of molecular biology".^[7]

Franklin graduated in 1941 with a degree in natural sciences from Newnham College, Cambridge, and then enrolled for a PhD in physical chemistry under Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, the 1920 Chair of Physical Chemistry at the University of Cambridge. Disappointed by Norrish's lack of enthusiasm,^[8] she took up a research position under the British Coal Utilisation Research Association (BCURA) in 1942. The research on coal helped Franklin earn a PhD from Cambridge in 1945.^[9] Moving to Paris in 1947 as a chercheur (postdoctoral researcher) under Jacques Mering at the Laboratoire Central des Services Chimiques de l'État, she became an accomplished (and famous) X-ray crystallographer. After joining King's College London in 1951 as a research associate, Franklin discovered some key properties of DNA, which eventually facilitated the correct description of the double helix structure of DNA.^[3] Owing to disagreement with her director, John Randall, and her colleague Maurice Wilkins, Franklin was compelled to move to Birkbeck College in 1953.

Franklin is best known for her work on the X-ray diffraction images of DNA while at King's College London, particularly Photo 51, taken by her student Raymond Gosling, which led to the discovery of the DNA double helix for which Francis Crick, James Watson, and Maurice Wilkins shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962.^[10][11] While Gosling actually took the famous Photo 51, Maurice Wilkins showed it to James Watson without her permission.^[12]

Watson suggested that Franklin would have ideally been awarded a Nobel Prize in Chemistry, along with Wilkins but it was not possible because the pre-1974 rule dictated that a Nobel prize could not be awarded posthumously unless the nomination had been made for a then-alive candidate before 1 February of the award year and Franklin died a few years before 1962 when the discovery of the structure of DNA was recognised by the Nobel committee.^[13][14]

Working under John Desmond Bernal, Franklin led pioneering work at Birkbeck on the molecular structures of viruses.^[15] On the day before she was to unveil the structure of tobacco mosaic virus at an international fair in Brussels, Franklin died of ovarian cancer at the age of 37 in 1958. Her team member Aaron Klug continued her research, winning the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1982.