Russia

Russian Federation Российская Федерация (Russian)
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem:  Государственный гимн Российской Федерации Gosudarstvennyy gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii "State Anthem of the Russian Federation"
Recognised territory of Russia is shown in dark green; claimed but internationally unrecognised territory is shown in light green.[a] Show globe Show region with labels Show map of Europe
Capital and largest city	Moscow 55°45′21″N 37°37′02″E / 55.75583°N 37.61722°E / 55.75583; 37.61722
Official and national language	Russian[3]
Recognised regional languages	35 regional official languages[4]
Ethnic groups (2021; including Russia and Crimea)[5]	71.7% Russian 3.2% Tatar 1.1% Bashkir 1.1% Chechen 11.3% other 11.6% not reported
Religion (2024)[6][7]	64.4% Christianity 61.8% Russian Orthodoxy 2.6% other Christian 21.2% no religion 9.5% Islam 1.4% other (including Buddhism)[8] 3.5% undeclared
Demonym(s)	Russian
Government	Federal semi-presidential republic[9] under an authoritarian[10][11] dictatorship[12][13]
• President	Vladimir Putin
• Prime Minister	Mikhail Mishustin
Legislature	Federal Assembly
• Upper house	Federation Council
• Lower house	State Duma
Formation
• Kievan Rus'	882
• Vladimir-Suzdal	1157
• Principality of Moscow	1282
• Tsardom of Russia	16 January 1547
• Russian Empire	2 November 1721
• Monarchy abolished	15 March 1917
• Soviet Union	30 December 1922
• Declaration of State Sovereignty	12 June 1990
• Russian Federation	12 December 1991
• Current constitution	12 December 1993
• Union State formed	8 December 1999
Area
• Total	17,098,246 km2 (6,601,670 sq mi)[15] (within internationally recognised borders)
• Water (%)	13[14] (including swamps)
Population
• 2024 estimate	146,150,789[16] (including Crimea)[17] 143,679,916 (excluding Crimea) (9th)
• Density	8.4/km2 (21.8/sq mi) (187th)
GDP (PPP)	2024 estimate
• Total	$6.909 trillion[18] (4th)
• Per capita	$47,299[18] (43rd)
GDP (nominal)	2024 estimate
• Total	$2.184 trillion[18] (11th)
• Per capita	$14,953[18] (65th)
Gini (2020)	36.0[19] medium inequality
HDI (2022)	0.821[20] very high (56th)
Currency	Ruble (₽) (RUB)
Time zone	UTC+2 to +12
Drives on	right
Calling code	+7
ISO 3166 code	RU
Internet TLD	.ru .рф

Russia,^[b] or the Russian Federation,^[c] is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the largest country in the world by area, extending across eleven time zones and sharing land borders with fourteen countries.^[d] It is the world's ninth-most populous country and Europe's most populous country. Russia is a highly urbanised country including 16 population centres with over a million inhabitants. Its capital and largest city is Moscow. Saint Petersburg is Russia's second-largest city and its cultural capital.

The East Slavs emerged as a recognised group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries CE. The first East Slavic state, Kievan Rus', arose in the 9th century, and in 988, it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire. Kievan Rus' ultimately disintegrated; the Grand Duchy of Moscow led the unification of Russian lands, leading to the proclamation of the Tsardom of Russia in 1547. By the early 18th century, Russia had vastly expanded through conquest, annexation, and the efforts of Russian explorers, developing into the Russian Empire, which remains the third-largest empire in history. However, with the Russian Revolution in 1917, Russia's monarchic rule was abolished and eventually replaced by the Russian SFSR—the world's first constitutionally socialist state. Following the Russian Civil War, the Russian SFSR established the Soviet Union with three other Soviet republics, within which it was the largest and principal constituent. At the expense of millions of lives, the Soviet Union underwent rapid industrialisation in the 1930s and later played a decisive role for the Allies in World War II by leading large-scale efforts on the Eastern Front. With the onset of the Cold War, it competed with the United States for ideological dominance and international influence. The Soviet era of the 20th century saw some of the most significant Russian technological achievements, including the first human-made satellite and the first human expedition into outer space.

In 1991, the Russian SFSR emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as the Russian Federation. A new constitution was adopted, which established a federal semi-presidential system. Since the turn of the century, Russia's political system has been dominated by Vladimir Putin, under whom the country has experienced democratic backsliding and become an authoritarian dictatorship. Russia has been militarily involved in a number of conflicts in former Soviet states and other countries, including its war with Georgia in 2008 and its war with Ukraine since 2014, which has involved the internationally unrecognised annexations of Ukrainian territory including Crimea in 2014 and four other regions in 2022 during an ongoing invasion.

Russia is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council; a member state of the G20, SCO, BRICS, APEC, OSCE, and WTO; and the leading member state of post-Soviet organisations such as CIS, CSTO, and EAEU/EEU. It possesses the largest stockpile of nuclear weapons and has the third-highest military expenditure. Russia is generally considered a great power and is a regional power. Internationally, Russia ranks very low in measurements of democracy, human rights and freedom of the press; the country also has high levels of perceived corruption. As of 2024, Russia has a high-income economy which ranks eleventh in the world by nominal GDP and fourth at purchasing power parity, relying on its vast mineral and energy resources; the world's second-largest for oil production and natural gas production. Russia is home to 32 UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

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