Scale (music)

${ \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \relative c' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 7/4 c4 d e f g a b c b a g f e d c2 } }$

The C major scale, ascending and descending

In music theory, a scale is "any consecutive series of notes that form a progression between one note and its octave", typically by order of pitch or fundamental frequency.^[1]^[2]

The word "scale" originates from the Latin scala, which literally means "ladder". Therefore, any scale is distinguishable by its "step-pattern", or how its intervals interact with each other.^[1]^[2]

Often, especially in the context of the common practice period, most or all of the melody and harmony of a musical work is built using the notes of a single scale, which can be conveniently represented on a staff with a standard key signature.^[3]

Due to the principle of octave equivalence, scales are generally considered to span a single octave, with higher or lower octaves simply repeating the pattern. A musical scale represents a division of the octave space into a certain number of scale steps, a scale step being the recognizable distance (or interval) between two successive notes of the scale.^[4] However, there is no need for scale steps to be equal within any scale and, particularly as demonstrated by microtonal music, there is no limit to how many notes can be injected within any given musical interval.

A measure of the width of each scale step provides a method to classify scales. For instance, in a chromatic scale each scale step represents a semitone interval, while a major scale is defined by the interval pattern W–W–H–W–W–W–H, where W stands for whole step (an interval spanning two semitones, e.g. from C to D), and H stands for half-step (e.g. from C to D♭). Based on their interval patterns, scales are put into categories including pentatonic, diatonic, chromatic, major, minor, and others.

A specific scale is defined by its characteristic interval pattern and by a special note, known as its first degree (or tonic). The tonic of a scale is the note selected as the beginning of the octave, and therefore as the beginning of the adopted interval pattern. Typically, the name of the scale specifies both its tonic and its interval pattern. For example, C major indicates a major scale with a C tonic.

^ ^a ^b Denyer, Ralph (30 November 1982). The Guitar Handbook. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 104.
^ ^a ^b "Scale | Definition, Music Theory, & Types | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
^ Benward, Bruce and Saker, Marilyn Nadine (2003). Music: In Theory and Practice, seventh edition: vol. 1, p. 25. Boston: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-294262-0.
^ Hewitt, Michael (2013). Musical Scales of the World, pp. 2–3. The Note Tree. ISBN 978-0-9575470-0-1.

[:1-1] Denyer, Ralph (30 November 1982). The Guitar Handbook. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 104.

[:2-2] "Scale | Definition, Music Theory, & Types | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 25 June 2024.

[3] Benward, Bruce and Saker, Marilyn Nadine (2003). Music: In Theory and Practice, seventh edition: vol. 1, p. 25. Boston: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-294262-0.

[4] Hewitt, Michael (2013). Musical Scales of the World, pp. 2–3. The Note Tree. ISBN 978-0-9575470-0-1.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]