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Scotch-Irish Americans

Not to be confused with Irish Americans or Irish Scottish people.
This article is about American descendants of Ulster Scots. For ancestral group, see Ulster Scots people.

Scotch-Irish Americans
Total population
2,500,076 (0.7%) alone or in combination

977,075 (0.3%) "Scotch-Irish" alone
2021 estimates, self-reported[1]

Estimate of Scotch-Irish Americans total
27,000,000 (2004)[2][3]
Up to 9.2% of the U.S. population (2004)[4]
Regions with significant populations
California, Texas, North Carolina, Florida, and Pennsylvania
Historic populations in the Upper South, Appalachia, the Ozarks, and northern New England
Languages
English (American English dialects)
Historical: Ulster Scots, Scots
Religion
Predominantly Calvinist (Presbyterian, Congregationalist), Baptist, Quakers, with a minority Methodist, Episcopalian
Related ethnic groups
Ulster Protestants, Ulster Scots, Anglo-Irish, English, Huguenots, British Americans, Welsh, Manx, Irish Americans, Scottish Americans, English Americans, American ancestry

Scotch-Irish Americans are American descendants of primarily Ulster Scots people[5] who emigrated from Ulster (Ireland's northernmost province) to the United States during the 18th and 19th centuries. Their ancestors had originally migrated to Ulster, mainly from the Scottish Lowlands and Northern England in the 17th century.[6][7] In the 2017 American Community Survey, 5.39 million (1.7% of the population) reported Scottish ancestry, an additional 3 million (0.9% of the population) identified more specifically with Scotch-Irish ancestry, and many people who claim "American ancestry" may actually be of Scotch-Irish ancestry.[8][9][10]

The term Scotch-Irish is used primarily in the United States,[11] with people in Great Britain or Ireland who are of a similar ancestry identifying as Ulster Scots people. Many left for North America, but over 100,000 Scottish Presbyterians still lived in Ulster in 1700.[12] Many English-born settlers of this period were also Presbyterians. When King Charles I attempted to force these Presbyterians into the Church of England in the 1630s, many chose to immigrate to North America, where religious liberty was greater. Later attempts to force the Church of England's control over dissident Protestants in Ireland led to further waves of immigration to the transatlantic colonies.[13]

  1. ^ "IPUMS USA". University of Minnesota. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
  2. ^ Born Fighting: How the Scots-Irish Shaped America (New York: Broadway Books, 2004), front flap: 'More than 27 million Americans today can trace their lineage to the Scots, whose bloodline was stained by centuries of continuous warfare along the border between England and Scotland, and later in the bitter settlements of England's Ulster Plantation in Northern Ireland.' ISBN 0-7679-1688-3
  3. ^ Webb, James (October 23, 2004). "Secret GOP Weapon: The Scots Irish Vote". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
  4. ^ Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2004–2005 (PDF) (Report). United States Census Bureau. August 26, 2004. p. 8. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
  5. ^ "The Scotch-Irish".
  6. ^ Dolan, Jay P. (2008). The Irish Americans: A History. Bloomsbury Press. p. x. ISBN 978-1596914193. The term [Scotch-Irish] had been in use during the eighteenth century to designate Ulster Presbyterians who had emigrated to the United States. From the mid-1700s through the early 1800s, however, the term Irish was more widely used to identify both Catholic and Protestant Irish. As long as the Protestants comprised the majority of the emigrants, as they did until the 1830s, they were happy to be known simply as Irish. But as political and religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants both in Ireland and the United States became more frequent, and as Catholic emigrants began to outnumber Protestants, the term Irish became synonymous with Irish Catholics. As a result, Scotch-Irish became the customary term to describe Protestants of Irish descent. By adopting this new identity, Irish Protestants in America dissociated themselves from Irish Catholics... The famine migration of the 1840s and '50s that sent waves of poor Irish Catholics to the United States together with the rise in anti-Catholicism intensified this attitude. In no way did Irish Protestants want to be identified with these ragged newcomers.
  7. ^ Scholarly estimates vary, but here are a few: "more than a quarter-million", Fischer, David Hackett, Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America Oxford University Press, USA (March 14, 1989), p. 606; "200,000", Rouse, Parke Jr., The Great Wagon Road, Dietz Press, 2004, p. 32; "...250,000 people left for America between 1717 and 1800...20,000 were Anglo-Irish, 20,000 were Gaelic Irish, and the remainder Ulster-Scots or Scotch-Irish...", Blethen, H.T. & Wood, C.W., From Ulster to Carolina, North Carolina Division of Archives and History, 2005, p. 22; "more than 100,000", Griffin, Patrick, The People with No Name, Princeton University Press, 2001, p. 1; "200,000", Leyburn, James G., The Scotch-Irish: A Social History, University of North Carolina Press, 1962, p. 180; "225,000", Hansen, Marcus L., The Atlantic Migration, 1607–1860, Cambridge, Mass, 1940, p. 41; "250,000", Dunaway, Wayland F. The Scotch-Irish of Colonial Pennsylvania, Genealogical Publishing Co (1944), p. 41; "300,000", Barck, O.T. & Lefler, H.T., Colonial America, New York (1958), p. 285.
  8. ^ 2017 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates Archived 2020-02-13 at archive.today - United States Census Bureau
  9. ^ Leyburn, James G. (1962). The Scotch-Irish: A Social History. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. p. xi. ISBN 978-0807842591. [The Scotch-Irish] were enthusiastic supporters of the American Revolution, and thus were soon thought of as Americans, not as Scotch-Irish; and so they regarded themselves.
  10. ^ Carroll, Michael P. (2007). American Catholics in the Protestant Imagination: Rethinking the Academic Study of Religion. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 978-0-8018-8683-6. ...the character traits associated with "being Irish", in the minds of Protestant Americans, continue to resonate with the rhetoric of the American Revolution and with the emphases of evangelical Christianity. In all three contexts— Scotch-Irishness, the American Revolution, and evangelical Christianity— there is an emphasis on rugged individualism and autonomy, on having the courage to stand up for what you believe, and on opposition to hierarchical authority. The result is that...claiming an Irish identity is a way for contemporary Protestant Americans to associate themselves with the values of the American Revolution, or, if you will, a way of using ethnicity to 'be American.'
  11. ^ Leyburn 1962, p. 327.
  12. ^ John Sherry, "Scottish Presbyterian networks in Ulster and the Irish House of Commons, 1692–1714." Parliaments, Estates and Representation 33.2 (2013): 120−139 at p. 121.
  13. ^ Scotch-Irish Presbyterians: From Ulster to Rockbridge, by Angela M. Ruley 3 October 1993. Rootsweb

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