Second Arab Spring

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Second Arab Spring
Part of the aftermath of the First Arab Spring and the Arab Winter
Date	1 January 2018 – present (6 years, 10 months and 3 weeks)
Location	Arab League countries in North Africa, Central Africa and Middle East (i.e. MENA)
Caused by	Authoritarianism Energy crisis Human rights violations Inflation Kleptocracy Political corruption Poor basic services Poverty Sectarianism (Lebanon and Iraq) State terrorism Unemployment
Goals	Democracy Economic equality Employment Free elections Human rights Nationalism Regime change Secularism
Methods	Civil resistance Civil war Demonstrations Insurgency Internet activism Labor strike Mutiny Protests Rebellion Riots Self-immolation
Status	Full result by country Tunisia: 2018 budget repealed. Sudan: President Omar al-Bashir ousted, arrested, charged, government overthrown. Transitional authority established, but later modified by a coup, eventually leading to a civil war. Algeria: President Abdelaziz Bouteflika resigns, government overthrown. Presidential elections were delayed until December 2019. Pro-establishment Abdelmadjid Tebboune elected as new president. Algerian politics still dominated by the military elite. Gaza and Egypt: Protests suppressed. Jordan: Hani Mulki's government resigns, Omar Razzaz forms new government. Controversial tax bill withdrawn for further discussion. Iraq: Pro-Western prime minister Haider al-Abadi defeated in parliamentary elections and pro-Iran government led by Adil Abdul-Mahdi elected. Abdul-Mahdi's government resigns in November 2019 following protests against Iran's growing influence in Iraqi politics. Mustafa Al-Kadhimi appointed as new prime minister. Early elections held in October 2021. Lebanon: Prime Ministers Saad Hariri and Hassan Diab resign. Najib Mikati appointed as prime minister on 10 September 2021. Syria: Prime Minister Imad Khamis sacked.

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The Second Arab Spring is a series of anti-government protests which took place in several Arab world countries from late 2018 onwards.^[1][2]

In Iraq, the deadliest incident of civil unrest since the fall of Saddam Hussein resulted in its Prime Minister being replaced.^[3][4][5] Sustained civil disobedience in Sudan resulted in the overthrow of president Omar al-Bashir in a military coup d'état,^[6] the Khartoum massacre, and the transfer of power from a military junta to a combined military–civilian Sovereignty Council that is legally committed to a 39-month transition to democracy. In Algeria, a series of mass protests resulted in the resignation of president Abdelaziz Bouteflika, and the postponement of the scheduled presidential election. Other protests also took place in Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, and Tunisia, along with economic protests in the Gaza Strip.^{[7][8][9][10][2]}

The alternative names "New Arab Spring" and "Arab Summer" refer as well to similarity with the preceding Arab Spring wave of pro-democracy protests which took place in 2010–2013.^[11] However, in this wave of protests "the similarities and differences suggest more an upgrading than a replay of the Arab Spring."^[12] The wider call for democracy and human rights was replaced by more day-to-day demands, on issues including excessive costs of living and high unemployment rates.^[12]