Second Crusade

Second Crusade
Part of the Crusades and the Reconquista
Illustration of the Battle of Inab, by Jean Colombe from the Passages d'outremer by Sébastien Mamerot, c. 1473–1474.
Date 1147–1150 Location Iberia, Near East, Levant), Egypt Result (see § Aftermath) Territorial changes Lisbon captured by the Portuguese Tarragona and Tortosa captured by the Catalans
Belligerents
In the Holy Land Levantine Crusader states: Kingdom of Jerusalem County of Tripoli Principality of Antioch Military orders: Knights Templar Knights Hospitaller Canons Regular of the Holy Sepulchre Knights of Saint Lazarus Crusade: Kingdom of France County of Flanders County of Bar Duchy of Burgundy Duchy of Brittany Duchy of Aquitaine Auvergne Holy Roman Empire Duchy of Swabia Duchy of Bavaria Duchy of Lower Lorraine Duchy of Upper Lorraine Duchy of Bohemia March of Austria March of Montferrat March of Styria County of Savoy County of Provence Byzantine Empire Cilicia Kingdom of England Duchy of Normandy Kingdom of Poland Duchy of Silesia Kingdom of Sicily Papal States Western front (Reconquista) Kingdom of Portugal County of Barcelona León-Castile Kingdom of France Kingdom of England Republic of Genoa Republic of Pisa	Levantine states: Seljuk Empire Sultanate of Rum Emirate of Zengids Emirate of Damascus Abbasids Fatimid Egypt Nizari Ismaili state (the Assassins) Byzantine Empire Western front: Almoravids Taifa of Badajoz Taifa of Valencia Taifa of Murcia
Commanders and leaders
Eastern front: Melisende of Jerusalem Baldwin III of Jerusalem Raymond II of Tripoli Raymond of Poitiers † Louis VII of France and Eleanor of Aquitaine Alfonso Jordan Thoros II of Armenia Raynald of Châtillon Theodwin Conrad III of Germany Ottokar III of Styria Manuel Komnenos Thierry of Alsace Stephen of England Geoffrey V of Anjou Joscelin II, Count of Edessa Vladislaus II of Bohemia Robert de Craon # Everard des Barres Vladislaus II the Exile Ali ibn Wafa' X Roger II of Sicily Western front: Afonso I of Portugal Alfonso VII of León and Castile Ramon Berenguer IV	Eastern front: Mesud Imad al-Din Zengi X Nur ad-Din Sayf al-Din Ghazi Al-Muqtafi Al-Hafiz Mu'in ad-Din Unur Western front: Tashfin ibn Ali (DOW) Ibrahim ibn Tashfin Ishaq ibn Ali Abd al-Mu'min

The Second Crusade (1147–1150) was the second major crusade launched from Europe. The Second Crusade was started in response to the fall of the County of Edessa in 1144 to the forces of Zengi. The county had been founded during the First Crusade (1096–1099) by the future King Baldwin I of Jerusalem in 1098. While it was the first Crusader state to be founded, it was also the first to fall.

The Second Crusade was announced by Pope Eugene III, and was the first of the crusades to be led by European kings, namely Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany, with help from a number of other European nobles. The armies of the two kings marched separately across Europe. After crossing Byzantine territory into Anatolia, both armies were separately defeated by the Seljuk Turks. The main Western Christian source, Odo of Deuil, and Syriac Christian sources claim that the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos secretly hindered the crusaders' progress, particularly in Anatolia, where he is alleged to have deliberately ordered Turks to attack them. However, this alleged sabotage of the Crusade by the Byzantines was likely fabricated by Odo, who saw the Empire as an obstacle, and moreover Emperor Manuel had no political reason to do so.^[1] Louis and Conrad and the remnants of their armies reached Jerusalem and participated in 1148 in an ill-advised attack on Damascus, which ended in their retreat. In the end, the crusade in the east was a failure for the crusaders and a victory for the Muslims. It would ultimately have a key influence on the fall of Jerusalem and give rise to the Third Crusade at the end of the 12th century.

While the Second Crusade failed to achieve its goals in the Holy Land, crusaders did see victories elsewhere. The most significant of these came to a combined force of 13,000 Flemish, Frisian, Norman, English, Scottish, and German crusaders in 1147. Travelling from England, by ship, to the Holy Land, the army stopped and helped the smaller (7,000) Portuguese army in the capture of Lisbon, expelling its Moorish occupants.

The initial response to the new crusade bull was poor, and it in fact had to be reissued when it was clear that Louis VII of France would be taking part in the expedition. Louis VII had also been considering a new expedition independently of the Pope, which he announced to his Christmas court at Bourges in 1145. It is debatable whether Louis was planning a crusade of his own or in fact a pilgrimage, as he wanted to fulfill a vow made by his dead brother Philip to go to the Holy Land. It is probable that Louis had made this decision independently of hearing about Quantum Praedecessores. In any case, Abbot Suger and other nobles were not in favour of Louis's plans, as he would be gone from the kingdom for several years. Louis consulted Bernard of Clairvaux, who referred him back to Eugene. By now Louis would have definitely heard about the papal bull, and Eugene enthusiastically supported Louis's crusade. The bull was reissued on 1 March 1146, and Eugene authorized Bernard to preach the news throughout France.^[2]