Back تأثير الموقف المتسلسل Arabic Seriel positionseffekt Danish Primacy-Recency-Effekt German Efecto de posición serial Spanish اثر موقعیت رشته‌ای Persian 서열 위치 효과 Korean Seriële-positie-effect Dutch Efekt pierwszeństwa Polish Эффект края (память) Russian Serial-position effect SIMPLE

Serial-position effect

Serial-position effect is the tendency of a person to recall the first and last items in a series best, and the middle items worst.[1] The term was coined by Hermann Ebbinghaus through studies he performed on himself, and refers to the finding that recall accuracy varies as a function of an item's position within a study list.[2] When asked to recall a list of items in any order (free recall), people tend to begin recall with the end of the list, recalling those items best (the recency effect). Among earlier list items, the first few items are recalled more frequently than the middle items (the primacy effect).[3][4]

One suggested reason for the primacy effect is that the initial items presented are most effectively stored in long-term memory because of the greater amount of processing devoted to them. (The first list item can be rehearsed by itself; the second must be rehearsed along with the first, the third along with the first and second, and so on.) The primacy effect is reduced when items are presented quickly and is enhanced when presented slowly (factors that reduce and enhance processing of each item and thus permanent storage). Longer presentation lists have been found to reduce the primacy effect.[4]

One theorised reason for the recency effect is that these items are still present in working memory when recall is solicited. Items that benefit from neither (the middle items) are recalled most poorly. An additional explanation for the recency effect is related to temporal context: if tested immediately after rehearsal, the current temporal context can serve as a retrieval cue, which would predict more recent items to have a higher likelihood of recall than items that were studied in a different temporal context (earlier in the list).[5] The recency effect is reduced when an interfering task is given. Intervening tasks involve working memory, as the distractor activity, if exceeding 15 to 30 seconds in duration, can cancel out the recency effect.[6] Additionally, if recall comes immediately after the test, the recency effect is consistent regardless of the length of the studied list,[4] or presentation rate.[7]

Amnesiacs with poor ability to form permanent long-term memories do not show a primacy effect, but do show a recency effect if recall comes immediately after study.[8] People with Alzheimer's disease exhibit a reduced primacy effect but do not produce a recency effect in recall.[9]

  1. ^ Coleman, Andrew (2006). Dictionary of Psychology (Second ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 688.
  2. ^ Ebbinghaus, Hermann (1913). On memory: A contribution to experimental psychology. New York: Teachers College.
  3. ^ Deese and Kaufman (1957) Serial effects in recall of unorganized and sequentially organized verbal material, J Exp Psychol. 1957 Sep;54(3):180-7
  4. ^ a b c Murdock, Bennet (1962). "Serial Position Effect of Free Recall" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Psychology. 64 (5): 482–488. doi:10.1037/h0045106. S2CID 6752448. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-21.
  5. ^ Howard, Marc W.; Michael J. Kahana (2002). "A Distributed Representation of Temporal Context". Journal of Mathematical Psychology. 46 (3): 269–299. doi:10.1006/jmps.2001.1388.
  6. ^ Bjork, Robert A.; William B. Whitten (1974). "Recency-Sensitive Retrieval Processes in Long-Term Free Recall" (PDF). Cognitive Psychology. 6 (2): 173–189. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(74)90009-7. hdl:2027.42/22374.
  7. ^ Murdock, Bennet; Janet Metcalf (1978). "Controlled Rehearsal in Single-Trial Free Recall". Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 17 (3): 309–324. doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(78)90201-3.
  8. ^ Carlesimo, Giovanni; G.A. Marfia; A. Loasses; C. Caltagirone (1996). "Recency effect in anterograde amnesia: Evidence for distinct memory stores underlying enhanced retrieval of terminal items in immediate and delayed recall paradigms". Neuropsychologia. 34 (3): 177–184. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(95)00100-x. PMID 8868275. S2CID 21283911.
  9. ^ Bayley, Peter J.; David P. Salmon; Mark W. Bondi; Barbara K. Bui; John Olichney; Dean C. Delis; Ronald G. Thomas; Leon J. Thai (March 2000). "Comparison of the serial-position effect in very mild Alzheimer's disease, mild Alzheimer's disease, and amnesia associated with electroconvulsive therapy". Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. 6 (3): 290–298. doi:10.1017/S1355617700633040. PMID 10824501. S2CID 20066815.

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