Shortness of breath

Shortness of breath
Other names	Dyspnea, dyspnoea, breathlessness, difficulty (in/of) breathing; respiratory distress
Pronunciation	Dyspnea: /dɪspˈniːə/; see also § Etymology and pronunciation
Specialty	Pulmonology

Shortness of breath (SOB), known as dyspnea (in AmE) or dyspnoea (in BrE), is an uncomfortable feeling of not being able to breathe well enough. The American Thoracic Society defines it as "a subjective experience of breathing discomfort that consists of qualitatively distinct sensations that vary in intensity", and recommends evaluating dyspnea by assessing the intensity of its distinct sensations, the degree of distress and discomfort involved, and its burden or impact on the patient's activities of daily living. Distinct sensations include effort/work to breathe, chest tightness or pain, and "air hunger" (the feeling of not enough oxygen).^[1] The tripod position is often assumed to be a sign.

Dyspnea is a normal symptom of heavy physical exertion but becomes pathological if it occurs in unexpected situations,^[2] when resting or during light exertion. In 85% of cases it is due to asthma, pneumonia, cardiac ischemia, COVID-19, interstitial lung disease, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or psychogenic causes,^[2][3] such as panic disorder and anxiety (see Psychogenic disease and Psychogenic pain).^[4] The best treatment to relieve or even remove shortness of breath^[5] typically depends on the underlying cause.^[6]