Sino-Russian border conflicts

Sino-Russian border conflicts
	; Qing Empire forces storming the fort of Albazin
Date	1652–1689
Location	Heilongjiang and Priamurye
Result	Qing victory Treaty of Nerchinsk;
Belligerents
Tsardom of Russia Jaxa; Cossacks;	Qing dynasty; Joseon
Commanders and leaders
Yerofey Khabarov; Onufriy Stepanov †; Afanasy Pashkov; Alexei Tolbuzin; †Afanasy Beiton;	Kangxi Emperor; Haise (海色); Hife (希福); Minggadari (明安达理); Sarhuda; Lin Hsing-chu; Ho Yu; Byeon Geup; Shin Ryu;
Strength
2,000 men	3,000 men including both Manchu Bannermen and Han Chinese soldiers; 200 gunners; 60 officers and interpreters;
Casualties and losses
c. 800 men	several hundreds (debated); 32 (7 killed, 24 injured, 1 died from wounds);

The region of the conflict depicted on a British map about a century after the events, when most of it became parts of the Chinese provinces of Qiqiha'er (*Tcitcisar*) and Jilin (*Kirin*). *Nimguta* (Ninguta) was the main early base of Qing river fleets, which was later relocated to *Kiring Ula* (Jilin City). *Saghalien R.* and *Tchikiri R.* are the Amur and the Zeya. *Saghalien*, or *Ula Hotum* (Aigun) was the Manchus' forward base for the attacks on Albazin (which itself is not shown on this map); *Aihom ruin(e)d*, was Aigun's original site on the left bank of the Amur. *Mergenkhotun* (Nenjiang) and *Tcitcisar* (Qiqiha'er) were the two other main Manchu centers in northern Manchuria. *Houmar River* is the "Komar" of Russian records. *Nerczinsk* is the site of the treaty negotiations.

The Sino-Russian border conflicts^[3] (1652–1689) were a series of intermittent skirmishes between the Qing dynasty of China, with assistance from the Joseon dynasty of Korea, and the Tsardom of Russia by the Cossacks in which the latter tried and failed to gain the land north of the Amur River with disputes over the Amur region. The hostilities culminated in the Qing siege of the Cossack fort of Albazin in 1686 and resulted in the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689 which gave the land to China.

^ ^a ^b CJ. Peers, Late Imperial Chinese Armies 1520-1840, 33
^ China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia By Peter C. Perdue Published by Harvard University Press, 2005
^ Wurm, Mühlhäusler & Tryon 1996, p. 828.

[Peers-33-1] CJ. Peers, Late Imperial Chinese Armies 1520-1840, 33

[2] China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia By Peter C. Perdue Published by Harvard University Press, 2005

[FOOTNOTEWurmMühlhäuslerTryon1996828-3] Wurm, Mühlhäusler & Tryon 1996, p. 828.

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