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Socioeconomic status

An 1880 painting by Jean-Eugène Buland showing a stark contrast in socioeconomic status

Socioeconomic status (SES) is an economic and sociological combined total measure of a person's work experience and of an individual's or family's access to economic resources and social position in relation to others.[1][2] When analyzing a family's SES, the household income and the education and occupations of its members are examined, whereas for an individual's SES only their own attributes are assessed. Recently, research has revealed a lesser-recognized attribute of SES as perceived financial stress, as it defines the "balance between income and necessary expenses".[3][4][2] Perceived financial stress can be tested by deciphering whether a person at the end of each month has more than enough, just enough, or not enough money or resources.[2][5] However, SES is more commonly used to depict an economic difference in society as a whole.[6]

Socioeconomic status is typically broken into three levels (high, middle, and low) to describe the three places a family or an individual may fall into. When placing a family or individual into one of these categories, any or all of the three variables (income, education, and occupation) can be assessed.

Education in higher socioeconomic families is typically stressed as much more important, both within the household as well as the local community. In poorer areas, where food, shelter and safety are a priority, education is typically regarded as less important. Youth in poorer households are particularly at risk for many health and social problems in the United States, such as unwanted pregnancies, addiction, drug abuse, diabetes and obesity.[7]

Additionally, low income and education have been shown to be strong predictors of a range of physical and mental health problems, including, meningitis, respiratory viruses, arthritis, coronary disease, and psychosis, schizophrenia. These problems may result from environmental conditions at home or in the workplaces, or using the social causation model where disability or mental illness, may be the precursor leading to a person's social status including freedoms and liberties. [8][9][10][11]

  1. ^ Oakes, J. M.; Rossi, P. H. (2003). "The measurement of SES in health research: Current practice and steps toward a new approach" (PDF). Social Science & Medicine. 56 (4): 769–784. doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00073-4. PMID 12560010.
  2. ^ a b c Palta, Priya; Szanton, Sarah L.; Semba, Richard D.; Thorpe, Roland J.; Varadhan, Ravi; Fried, Linda P. (2015). "Financial strain is associated with increased oxidative stress levels: The Women's Health and Aging Studies". Geriatric Nursing. 36 (2): S33–S37. doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2015.02.020. PMC 6053071. PMID 25784083.
  3. ^ Szanton, S. L.; Allen, J. K.; Thorpe, R. J.; Seeman, T.; Bandeen-Roche, K.; Fried, L. P. (2008). "Effect of Financial Strain on Mortality in Community-Dwelling Older Women". The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 63 (6): S369–S374. doi:10.1093/geronb/63.6.S369. PMC 2874583. PMID 19092046.
  4. ^ Sun, F.; Hilgeman, M. M.; Durkin, D. W.; Allen, R. S.; Burgio, L. D. (2009). "Perceived income inadequacy as a predictor of psychological distress in Alzheimer's caregivers". Psychology and Aging. 24 (1): 177–183. doi:10.1037/a0014760. PMC 2814818. PMID 19290749.
  5. ^ Szanton, S. L.; Thorpe, R. J.; Whitfield, K. (2010). "Life-course financial strain and health in African-Americans". Social Science & Medicine. 71 (2): 259–265. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.04.001. PMC 2885496. PMID 20452712.
  6. ^ National Center for Educational Statistics. 31 March 2008. http://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/glossary/s.asp. Archived.
  7. ^ Hunt, J. McV (1972). "Early childhood education and social class". Canadian Psychologist. 13 (4): 305–328. doi:10.1037/h0082195.
  8. ^ Goode, Erica (1 June 1999). "For Good Health, It Helps To Be Rich and Important". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
  9. ^ Marmot, Michael (1 April 2007). The Status Syndrome: How Social Standing Affects Our Health and Longevity. Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4299-0066-9.
  10. ^ Werner, Shirli; Malaspina, Dolores; Rabinowitz, Jonathan (27 October 2006). "Socioeconomic Status at Birth Is Associated With Risk of Schizophrenia: Population-Based Multilevel Study". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 33 (6): 1373–1378. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm032. ISSN 0586-7614. PMC 2779876. PMID 17443013.
  11. ^ "Disability & Socioeconomic Status". American Psychological Association.

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