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Soil microbiology

Soil microbiology is the study of microorganisms in soil, their functions, and how they affect soil properties.[1] It is believed that between two and four billion years ago, the first ancient bacteria and microorganisms came about on Earth's oceans. These bacteria could fix nitrogen, in time multiplied, and as a result released oxygen into the atmosphere.[2][3] This led to more advanced microorganisms,[4][5] which are important because they affect soil structure and fertility. Soil microorganisms can be classified as bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, algae and protozoa. Each of these groups has characteristics that define them and their functions in soil.[6][7]

Up to 10 billion bacterial cells inhabit each gram of soil in and around plant roots, a region known as the rhizosphere. In 2011, a team detected more than 33,000 bacterial and archaeal species on sugar beet roots.[8]

The composition of the rhizobiome can change rapidly in response to changes in the surrounding environment.

  1. ^ Tayyab, Muhammad; Yang, Ziqi; Zhang, Caifang; Islam, Waqar; Lin, Wenxiong; Zhang, Hua (2021-09-01). "Sugarcane monoculture drives microbial community composition, activity and abundance of agricultural-related microorganisms". Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 28 (35): 48080–48096. doi:10.1007/s11356-021-14033-y. ISSN 1614-7499. PMID 33904129. S2CID 233403664.
  2. ^ Farquhar, James; Bao, Huiming; Thiemens, Mark (2000-08-04). "Atmospheric Influence of Earth's Earliest Sulfur Cycle". Science. 289 (5480): 756–758. Bibcode:2000Sci...289..756F. doi:10.1126/science.289.5480.756. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 10926533.
  3. ^ Canfield, Donald (2014). Oxygen. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400849888.
  4. ^ Falkowski, Paul (2015). Life's Engines. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400865727.
  5. ^ Jelen, Benjamin I.; Giovannelli, Donato; Falkowski, Paul G. (2016). "The Role of Microbial Electron Transfer in the Coevolution of the Biosphere and Geosphere". Annual Review of Microbiology. 70 (1): 45–62. doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-102215-095521. PMID 27297124.
  6. ^ Rao, Subba. Soil Microbiology. Fourth ed. Enfield: Science Publishers, 1999. Print.
  7. ^ Islam, Waqar; Saqib, Hafiz Sohaib Ahmad; Adnan, Muhammad; Wang, Zhenyu; Tayyab, Muhammad; Huang, Zhiqun; Chen, Han Y.H. (2021-08-11). "Differential response of soil microbial and animal communities along the chronosequence of Cunninghamia lanceolata at different soil depth levels in subtropical forest ecosystem". Journal of Advanced Research. 38: 41–54. doi:10.1016/j.jare.2021.08.005. ISSN 2090-1232. PMC 9091736. PMID 35572399.
  8. ^ Vrieze, Jop de (2015-08-14). "The littlest farmhands". Science. 349 (6249): 680–683. Bibcode:2015Sci...349..680D. doi:10.1126/science.349.6249.680. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 26273035.

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