Back عمليات الترحيل السوفييتية من إستونيا Arabic Савецкія дэпартацыі з Эстоніі Byelorussian Дэпартацыя эстонцаў у СССР BE-X-OLD Deportation aus Estland German Σοβιετικοί εκτοπισμοί από την Εσθονία Greek Déportations soviétiques depuis l'Estonie French Sovjetske deportacije iz Estonije Croatian Deportazioni sovietiche dall'Estonia Italian საბჭოთა დეპორტაციები ესტონეთიდან Georgian Sovjetunionens deportasjoner fra Estland NB
Soviet deportations from Estonia were a series of mass deportations in 1941 and 1945–1953 carried out by Joseph Stalin's government of the former USSR from then Soviet-occupied Estonia.[1] The two largest waves of deportations occurred in June 1941 and March 1949 simultaneously in all three occupied Baltic countries: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. In addition, there were Soviet deportations from Estonia based on the victims' ethnicity (Germans in 1945 and Ingrian Finns in 1947–1950) and religion (Jehovah's Witnesses in 1951).[1] Ethnic Estonians who had been residing in Soviet Russia (mostly in the Leningrad Oblast) had already been subjected to deportation since 1935.[2][3]
People were deported to remote areas of the Soviet Union, predominantly to Siberia and northern Kazakhstan,[4] by means of railroad cattle cars. Entire families, including children and the elderly, were deported without trial or prior announcement. Of March 1949 deportees, over 70% of people were women and children under the age of 16.[5]
In total, over 35,000 of "enemies of the people", individual persons and whole families, were deported during 1945-1953, of which 33,000 were deported during the March deportation of 1949 (Operation Priboi). Their names were compiled into lists by the Memento Estonian Repressed Persons' Records Bureau.[6]
The Estonian Internal Security Service has brought to justice several organizers of these events.[7] The deportations have been repeatedly declared to constitute a crime against humanity by the Parliament of Estonia[8] and acknowledged as such by the European Court of Human Rights.[9][10]
- ^ a b Rahi-Tamm, Aigi (2014). ""Anti-Soviet Elements" to Be Expelled" (PDF). In Õispuu, Leo (ed.). Name list of persons deported from Estonia 1945-1953. Vol. R8/3. Estonian Repressed Persons Records Bureau. p. 20. ISBN 978-9985-9914-6-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 January 2017.
- ^ Martin, Terry (1998). "The Origins of Soviet Ethnic Cleansing". The Journal of Modern History. 70 (4): 813–61. doi:10.1086/235168. JSTOR 10.1086/235168. S2CID 32917643.
- ^ The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies Oxford University Press Inc. 2010; retrieved 9 May 2013.
- ^ Ventsel, Aimar. "How Kazakhstan Remembers the Gulag". Diplomaatia. Retrieved 11 June 2018.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Rahi-Tamm, Aigi; Kahar, Andres (2009). "The Deportation Operation "Priboi" in 1949" (PDF). In Hiio, Toomas; Maripuu, Meelis; Paavle, Indrek (eds.). Estonia Since 1944: Report of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity. Tallinn: Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity. p. 380. ISBN 978-9949183005.
- ^ NAME LIST OF PERSONS DEPORTED FROM ESTONIA 1945–1953, p. 12
- ^ "Kaitsepolitseiamet". Kapo.ee. Retrieved 2017-03-25.
- ^ "Meenutagem, mälestagem, püsigem – Riigi Teataja". Riigiteataja.ee (in Estonian). Retrieved 25 March 2017.
- ^ "Full text of European Court of Human Rights Decision on the case Kolk and Kislyiy v. Estonia: Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to Crimes against Humanity". European Court of Human Rights. 17 January 2006. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
- ^ Antonio Cassese (2006). "Balancing the Prosecution of Crimes against Humanity and Non-Retroactivity of Criminal Law: The Kolk and Kislyiy v. Estonia Case before the ECHR". Journal of International Criminal Justice. 4 (2): 410–418. doi:10.1093/jicj/mql016.