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Srebrenica massacre

Srebrenica massacre
Srebrenica genocide
Part of the Bosnian War and the Bosnian genocide
Some of the gravestones for the nearly 7,000 identified victims buried at the Srebrenica-Potočari Memorial and Cemetery for the Victims of the 1995 genocide.[1]
Srebrenica is located in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Srebrenica
Srebrenica
Srebrenica (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Native nameGenocid u Srebrenici / Геноцид у Сребреници
LocationSrebrenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Coordinates44°06′N 19°18′E / 44.100°N 19.300°E / 44.100; 19.300
Date11 July 1995 (1995-07-11) – 31 July 1995 (1995-07-31)
TargetBosniak men and boys
Attack type
Genocide, mass murder, ethnic cleansing, genocidal rape, Androcide
Deaths8,372[2]
Perpetrators
MotiveAnti-Bosniak sentiment, Serbian irredentism, Islamophobia, Serbianisation
Srebrenica Genocide Memorial Stone at Potočari
Burial of 610 identified Bosniaks in 2005
Burial of 465 identified Bosniaks in 2007
Burial of 775 identified Bosniaks in 2010
The Srebrenica-Potočari memorial, and the cemetery for the victims of the genocide.

The Srebrenica massacre,[a] also known as the Srebrenica genocide,[b][8] was the July 1995 genocidal killing[9] of more than 8,000[10] Bosniak Muslim men and boys in and around the town of Srebrenica during the Bosnian War.[11] It was mainly perpetrated by units of the Bosnian Serb Army of Republika Srpska under Ratko Mladić, though the Serb paramilitary unit Scorpions also participated.[6][12] The massacre was the first legally recognised genocide in Europe since the end of World War II.[13]

Before the massacre, the United Nations (UN) had declared the besieged enclave of Srebrenica a "safe area" under its protection. A UN Protection Force contingent of 370[14] lightly armed Dutch soldiers failed to deter the town's capture and subsequent massacre.[15][16][17][18] A list of people missing or killed during the massacre contains 8,372 names.[2] As of July 2012, 6,838 genocide victims had been identified through DNA analysis of body parts recovered from mass graves;[19] as of July 2021, 6,671 bodies had been buried at the Memorial Centre of Potočari, while another 236 had been buried elsewhere.[20]

Some Serbs have claimed the massacre was retaliation for civilian casualties inflicted on Bosnian Serbs by Bosniak soldiers from Srebrenica under the command of Naser Orić.[21][22] These 'revenge' claims have been rejected and condemned by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the UN as bad faith attempts to justify the genocide.

In 2004, in a unanimous ruling on the case of Prosecutor v. Krstić, the Appeals Chamber of the ICTY ruled the massacre of the enclave's male inhabitants constituted genocide, a crime under international law.[23] The ruling was also upheld by the International Court of Justice in 2007.[24] The forcible transfer and abuse of between 25,000 and 30,000 Bosniak Muslim women, children and elderly which accompanied the massacre, was found to constitute genocide, when accompanied with the killings and separation of the men.[25][26] In 2002, following a report on the massacre, the government of the Netherlands resigned, citing its inability to prevent the massacre. In 2013, 2014 and 2019, the Dutch state was found liable by its supreme court and the Hague district court, of failing to prevent more than 300 deaths.[27][28][29][30] In 2013, Serbian president Tomislav Nikolić apologised for "the crime" of Srebrenica but refused to call it genocide.[31]

In 2005, then UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan described the massacre as "a terrible crime – the worst on European soil since the Second World War",[32] and in May 2024, the UN designated July 11 as the annual International Day of Reflection and Commemoration of the 1995 Genocide in Srebrenica.[33][34]

  1. ^ "At least 80 more Mass Graves with Remains of Srebrenica Genocide Victims". Sarajevo Times. 4 July 2023.
  2. ^ a b "Victims of the Srebrenica Massacre". The Polynational War Memorial. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  3. ^ UN Press Release SG/SM/9993UN, 11/07/2005 "Secretary-General Kofi Annan's message to the ceremony marking the tenth anniversary of the Srebrenica massacre in Potocari-Srebrenica". Retrieved 9 August 2010.
  4. ^ "Tribunal Update: Briefly Noted". Institute for War & Peace Reporting. 18 March 2005. TU No 398. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
  5. ^ Sunter, Daniel (5 August 2005). "Serbia: Mladic "Recruited" Infamous Scorpions". Institute for War and Peace Reporting. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
  6. ^ a b Williams, Daniel. "Srebrenica Video Vindicates Long Pursuit by Serb Activist". The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
  7. ^ Totten, Samuel; Bartrop, Paul R. (2008). Dictionary of Genocide. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 390. ISBN 978-0-31334-644-6.
  8. ^
  9. ^ * "International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)" (PDF). Retrieved 10 July 2015.
  10. ^
  11. ^ "Bosnia's Srebrenica massacre 25 years on – in pictures". BBC News. 10 July 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  12. ^ "ICTY – Kordic and Cerkez Judgement – 3. After the Conflict" (PDF). Retrieved 11 July 2012.
  13. ^ "IMPR Report News". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2024. The July 1995 events have become the first legally established case of genocide in Europe since the Second World War.
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference spiegel.de was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ ICTY, [1], "Case No. IT-98-33, United Nations" (PDF). 2 August 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 June 2006. Retrieved 8 June 2006. 685 KB, "Findings of Fact", paragraphs 18 and 26
  16. ^ "UN Srebrenica immunity questioned". BBC. 18 June 2008. Retrieved 1 November 2008.
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference www.vandiepen.com was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ "Under The UN Flag; The International Community and the Srebrenica Genocide" by Hasan Nuhanović, pub. DES Sarajevo, 2007, ISBN 978-9958-728-87-7 [2] Archived 23 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine[3] Archived 24 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ "Over 7,000 Srebrenica Victims have now been recovered". ICMP. 11 July 2012. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
  20. ^ "Srebrenica victims buried 26 years after genocide". France24. 11 July 2021.
  21. ^ Niksic, Sabina (9 October 2017). "Bosnian court acquits ex-Srebrenica commander of war crimes". Associated Press. Serbs continue to claim the 1995 Srebrenica slaughter was an act of revenge by uncontrolled troops because they say that soldiers under Oric's command killed thousands of Serbs in the villages surrounding the eastern town
  22. ^ Nettelfield, Lara J.; Wagner, Sarah (2014). Srebrenica in the Aftermath of Genocide. Cambridge University Press. p. 253. ISBN 978-1-10700-046-9.
  23. ^ "Prosecutor vs Krstic, Appeals Chamber Judgement" (PDF). ICTY. 19 April 2004. para. 37. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  24. ^ ICJ (26 February 2007). "Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment" (PDF). p. 166 § 297. General List No. 91. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 March 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2017. The Court concludes that the acts committed at Srebrenica falling within Article II (a) and (b) of the Convention were committed with the specific intent to destroy in part the group of the Muslims of Bosnia and Herzegovina as such; and accordingly that these were acts of genocide, committed by members of the VRS in and around Srebrenica from about 13 July 1995.
  25. ^ "Prosecutor vs Radislav Krstic, ICTY Appeals Chamber Judgement" (PDF), International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Para. 33, 19 April 2004, retrieved 21 March 2011
  26. ^ "Prosecutor v. Zdravko Tolimir, ICTY Appeals Chamber Judgement" (PDF), International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, 8 April 2015
  27. ^ "Judgement of the Supreme Court of the Netherlands, First Chamber, 12/03324 LZ/TT (English translation)" (PDF). 6 September 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  28. ^ "Netherlands Supreme Court hands down historic judgment over Srebrenica genocide". Amnesty Int. 27 September 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  29. ^ Comiteau, Lauren. "Court Says the Dutch Are to Blame for Srebrenica Deaths". Time. The Hague. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  30. ^ "Netherlands '10% liable' for 350 Srebrenica deaths". BBC News. 19 July 2019.
  31. ^ "Serbian president apologises for Srebrenica 'crime'". BBC News. 25 April 2013.
  32. ^ Cite error: The named reference UN10th was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  33. ^ Cite error: The named reference UNChiefwelcomes was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  34. ^ Cite error: The named reference UNapproves was invoked but never defined (see the help page).


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