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Steele dossier

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The Steele dossier, also known as the Trump–Russia dossier,[1] is a controversial political opposition research report on the 2016 presidential campaign of Donald Trump compiled by counterintelligence specialist Christopher Steele. It was published without permission in 2017 as an unfinished 35-page compilation of "unverified, and potentially unverifiable"[a] memos that were considered by Steele to be "raw intelligence — not established facts, but a starting point for further investigation".[3][4][5]

The dossier was written from June to December 2016 and contains allegations of misconduct, conspiracy, and cooperation between Trump's presidential campaign and the government of Russia prior to and during the 2016 election campaign.[6] Several key dossier allegations made in June 2016 about the Russian government's efforts to get Trump elected, were later described as "prescient"[7] because they were corroborated six months later in the January 2017 report by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence[8][9] and the Mueller Report, namely that Vladimir Putin favored Trump over Hillary Clinton;[8][10] that he personally ordered an "influence campaign" to harm Clinton's campaign and to "undermine public faith in the US democratic process"; that he ordered cyberattacks on both parties;[8] and that many Trump campaign officials and associates had numerous secretive contacts with Russian officials and agents.[11][12]

It was based on information from initially anonymous sources known to the author, counterintelligence specialist[13] Christopher Steele,[14] and his "primary sub-source", Igor Danchenko.[15] Steele, a former head of the Russia Desk for British intelligence (MI6), was writing the report for the private investigative firm Fusion GPS, that was paid by Hillary Clinton's campaign and the Democratic National Committee (DNC).[16] The dossier's 17 reports allege that Trump campaign members and Russian operatives had conspired to cooperate in Russia's election interference to benefit Trump.[17] It also alleges that Russia sought to damage Hillary Clinton's candidacy.[18] It was published by BuzzFeed News on January 10, 2017, without Steele's permission.[2] Their decision to publish the reports without verifying the allegations was criticized by journalists.[19][20] However, a judge defended BuzzFeed's action on the basis that the dossier was part of an official proceeding, and therefore "protected by fair reporting privilege".[21]

The United States intelligence community and most experts have treated the dossier with caution due to its unverified allegations.[22] While compiling the dossier, Steele passed his findings to both British and American intelligence services.[10][23] The U.S. intelligence community took the allegations seriously,[24] and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) investigated every line of the dossier and identified and spoke with at least two of Steele's sources.[3] The Mueller Report contained passing references to some of the dossier's allegations but little mention of its more sensational claims.[3]

While Steele's documents played a significant role in initially highlighting the general friendliness between Trump and the Putin administration, the veracity status of specific allegations is highly variable. Some have been publicly confirmed,[b] others are plausible but not specifically confirmed,[25][26] and some are dubious in retrospect but not strictly disproven.[27][28][29] While the dossier played a central and essential role in the seeking of FISA warrants on Carter Page,[30] it did not play any role in the January 6, 2017, intelligence community assessment of the Russian actions in the 2016 election,[31] and it was not the trigger for the opening of the Russia investigation into whether the Trump campaign was coordinating with the Russian government's interference in the 2016 presidential election.[32] The dossier is a factor in several conspiracy theories promoted by Trump[33] and his supporters.[32][34]

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  2. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Bensinger_1/10/2017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference Shane_Goldman_Rosenberg_4/19/2019 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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  8. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference ODNI_1/6/2017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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  10. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Levine_1/12/2018 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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  32. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Goldman_Savage_11/22/2019 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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  34. ^ Cite error: The named reference Rupar_03/22/2019 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).


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