Steppe wolf

Steppe wolf
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Canidae
Genus:	Canis
Species:	C. lupus
Subspecies:	C. l. campestris
Trinomial name
	Canis lupus campestris; Dwigubski, 1804
	C. l. campestris range
Synonyms
	argunensis (Dybowski, 1922); bactrianus (Laptev, 1929); cubanenesis (Ognev, 1923); desertorum (Bogdanov, 1882);

The steppe wolf (Canis lupus campestris), also known as the Caspian Sea wolf, is a subspecies of grey wolf native to the Caspian steppes, the steppe regions of the Caucasus, the lower Volga region, southern Kazakhstan north to the middle of the Emba, and the steppe regions of the lower European part of the former Soviet Union. It may also occur in northern Afghanistan and Iran, and possibly the steppe regions of far eastern Romania, Hungary and other areas of Eastern Europe.^[1] Studies have shown this wolf to be a host for rabies. Due to its close proximity to humans and domestic animals, the need for a reliable vaccine is high.^[3]

Rueness et al. (2014) showed that wolves in the Caucasus Mountains, of the putative Caucasian subspecies C. l. cubanensis, are not genetically distinct enough to be considered a subspecies, but may represent a local ecomorph (population) of C. l. lupus.^[4] In Kazakhstan, villagers sometimes feed the wolves and utilize them as “guard dogs”.^[5]

^ ^a ^b Heptner, V.G.; Naumov, N.P., eds. (1998). Mammals of the Soviet Union, Vol. II, Part 1a. Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea Cows; Wolves and Bears). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Libraries and the National Science Foundation. pp. 188–189. ISBN 1886106819. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ Zhugunissov, K.; Taranov, D.; Bulatov, Y. (2017). "Protective immune response of oral rabies vaccine in stray dogs, corsacs and steppe wolves after a single immunization". Archives of Virology. 162 (11): 3363–3370. doi:10.1007/s00705-017-3499-6. PMID 28766059. S2CID 8000454.
^ Kopaliani, N.; Shakarashvili, M.; Gurielidze, Z.; Qurkhuli, T.; Tarkhnishvili, D. (2014). "Gene Flow between Wolf and Shepherd Dog Populations in Georgia (Caucasus)". Journal of Heredity. 105 (3): 345–53. doi:10.1093/jhered/esu014. PMID 24622972.
^ "Kazakhstan: Villagers use 'guard wolves' for protection". BBC. December 17, 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2017.

[soviet-1] Heptner, V.G.; Naumov, N.P., eds. (1998). Mammals of the Soviet Union, Vol. II, Part 1a. Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea Cows; Wolves and Bears). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Libraries and the National Science Foundation. pp. 188–189. ISBN 1886106819. Retrieved December 7, 2018.

[ms3-2] Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

[3] Zhugunissov, K.; Taranov, D.; Bulatov, Y. (2017). "Protective immune response of oral rabies vaccine in stray dogs, corsacs and steppe wolves after a single immunization". Archives of Virology. 162 (11): 3363–3370. doi:10.1007/s00705-017-3499-6. PMID 28766059. S2CID 8000454.

[kopaliani-4] Kopaliani, N.; Shakarashvili, M.; Gurielidze, Z.; Qurkhuli, T.; Tarkhnishvili, D. (2014). "Gene Flow between Wolf and Shepherd Dog Populations in Georgia (Caucasus)". Journal of Heredity. 105 (3): 345–53. doi:10.1093/jhered/esu014. PMID 24622972.

[5] "Kazakhstan: Villagers use 'guard wolves' for protection". BBC. December 17, 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2017.

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