Back اضطراب تعاطي المخدرات Arabic پەشێویی بەکارھێنانی ماددە ھۆشبەرەکان CKB Anhwylder defnydd sylwedd Welsh Trastorno por consumo de sustancias Spanish اختلال سوءمصرف مواد Persian Päihdehäiriö Finnish Gangguan penggunaan zat ID Disturbo da uso di sostanze Italian ნივთიერების მოხმარების აშლილობა Georgian Perturbação por uso de substâncias Portuguese

Substance use disorder

Substance use disorder
Other namesDrug use disorder, SUD
A variety of drugs and drug paraphernalia
SpecialtyPsychiatry, clinical psychology
SymptomsExcessive use of drugs despite adverse consequences
ComplicationsDrug overdose; general negative long-term effects on mental and physical health; acquiring infectious diseases;[1] in some cases criminal behaviour
Risk factorsHaving parents or close family members with SUD; other mental health disorders; recreational use of drugs in adolescence and young adulthood[2][3][4][5][6]
Diagnostic methodSymptoms of drug addiction and dependence; inability to lower use; continued use despite awareness of negative consequences, and others
TreatmentDrug rehabilitation therapy

Substance use disorder (SUD) is the persistent use of drugs despite substantial harm and adverse consequences to self and others.[7] Related terms include substance use problems[8] and problematic drug or alcohol use.[9][10]

Substance use disorders vary with regard to the average age of onset.[11] It is not uncommon for those who have SUD to also have other mental health disorders. Substance use disorders are characterized by an array of mental, emotional, physical, and behavioral problems such as chronic guilt; an inability to reduce or stop consuming the substance(s) despite repeated attempts; operating vehicles while intoxicated; and physiological withdrawal symptoms.[7] Drug classes that are commonly involved in SUD include: alcohol (alcoholism); cannabis; opioids; stimulants such as nicotine (including tobacco), cocaine and amphetamines; benzodiazepines; barbiturates; and other substances.[7][12]

In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (2013), also known as DSM-5, the DSM-IV diagnoses of substance abuse and substance dependence were merged into the category of substance use disorders.[13][14] The severity of substance use disorders can vary widely; in the DSM-5 diagnosis of a SUD, the severity of an individual's SUD is qualified as mild, moderate, or severe on the basis of how many of the 11 diagnostic criteria are met. The International Classification of Diseases 11th revision (ICD-11) divides substance use disorders into two categories: (1) harmful pattern of substance use; and (2) substance dependence.[15]

In 2017, globally 271 million people (5.5% of adults) were estimated to have used one or more illicit drugs.[16] Of these, 35 million had a substance use disorder.[16] An additional 237 million men and 46 million women have alcohol use disorder as of 2016.[17] In 2017, substance use disorders from illicit substances directly resulted in 585,000 deaths.[16] Direct deaths from drug use, other than alcohol, have increased over 60 percent from 2000 to 2015.[18] Alcohol use resulted in an additional 3 million deaths in 2016.[17]

  1. ^ Wang SC, Maher B (December 2019). "Substance Use Disorder, Intravenous Injection, and HIV Infection: A Review". Cell Transplantation. 28 (12). SAGE Journals: 1465–1471. doi:10.1177/0963689719878380. PMC 6923556. PMID 31547679. S2CID 202746148.
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference Ferri_2019 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Hodder RK, Freund M, Bowman J, Wolfenden L, Campbell E, Dray J, et al. (August 2017). "Effectiveness of a pragmatic school-based universal resilience intervention in reducing tobacco, alcohol and illicit substance use in a population of adolescents: cluster-randomised controlled trial" (PDF). BMJ Open. 7 (8). BMJ Group: e016060. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016060. PMC 5629645. PMID 28821523. S2CID 1475517. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  4. ^ Barry AE, King J, Sears C, Harville C, Bondoc I, Joseph K (January 2016). "Prioritizing Alcohol Prevention: Establishing Alcohol as the Gateway Drug and Linking Age of First Drink With Illicit Drug Use". The Journal of School Health. 86 (1). Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the American School Health Association: 31–38. doi:10.1111/josh.12351. PMID 26645418. S2CID 8906331.
  5. ^ Parker EM, Bradshaw CP (October 2015). "Teen Dating Violence Victimization and Patterns of Substance Use Among High School Students". The Journal of Adolescent Health. 57 (4). Elsevier on behalf of the Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine: 441–447. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.06.013. PMC 10041881. PMID 26271161. S2CID 40481423.
  6. ^ Moss HB, Chen CM, Yi HY (March 2014). "Early adolescent patterns of alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana polysubstance use and young adult substance use outcomes in a nationally representative sample". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 136. Elsevier: 51–62. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.12.011. PMID 24434016. S2CID 13003820.
  7. ^ a b c Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 978-0-89042-554-1. OCLC 830807378.
  8. ^ Paglia A, Room R (September 1999). "Preventing Substance Use Problems Among Youth: A Literature Review and Recommendations". Journal of Primary Prevention. 20 (1): 3–50. doi:10.1023/A:1021302302085. ISSN 1573-6547. S2CID 264261699.
  9. ^ Buchanan J (January 2006). "Understanding problematic drug use: A medical matter or a social issue". British Journal of Community Justice. 4 (2): 387–397 – via ResearchGate.
  10. ^ Mekonen T, Fekadu W, Chane T, Bitew S (2017). "Problematic Alcohol Use among University Students". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 8: 86. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00086. PMC 5437113. PMID 28579966.
  11. ^ Hassan MA, Abdelhameed MA, Abd El-Naem MM, Abdelhafeez MH (6 August 2021). "Does type and number of used substances affect the severity of illness in patients with substance use disorders?". The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery. 57 (1): 110. doi:10.1186/s41983-021-00361-w. ISSN 1687-8329. S2CID 236930825.
  12. ^ Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (June 2016). Substance Use Disorders. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US).
  13. ^ Guha M (11 March 2014). "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5 (5th edition)". Reference Reviews. 28 (3): 36–37. doi:10.1108/RR-10-2013-0256. ISSN 0950-4125.
  14. ^ Hasin DS, O'Brien CP, Auriacombe M, Borges G, Bucholz K, Budney A, et al. (August 2013). "DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorders: recommendations and rationale". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 170 (8): 834–851. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12060782. PMC 3767415. PMID 23903334.
  15. ^ World Health Organization, ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (ICD-11 MMS), 2018 version for preparing implementation, rev. April 2019
  16. ^ a b c "World Drug Report 2019: 35 million people worldwide suffer from drug use disorders while only 1 in 7 people receive treatment". www.unodc.org. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  17. ^ a b Global status report on alcohol and health 2018 (PDF). WHO. 2018. p. xvi. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
  18. ^ "Prelaunch". www.unodc.org. Retrieved 14 December 2018.

Developed by StudentB