Largest type of black hole
The first direct image of a supermassive black hole, found in the galactic core of Messier 87 .[ 1] [ 2] This view is somewhat from above, looking down on one of its galactic jets .[ 3] Rather than an accretion disc , it shows synchrotron radiation in the microwave range (1.3 mm ). This light was emitted by electrons captured in the plasma vortex at the base of a jet.[ 4] Radiation of this wavelength does not reveal the thermal features thought to dominate the emissions of an accretion disc . The synchrotron radiation is shown after its interaction with the black hole's photon sphere , which generates the ring. The dark central feature indicates the region where no path exists between the event horizon and Earth . The edge of the photon sphere shows an asymmetry in brightness because of Doppler beaming . The image was released in 2019 by the Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration.
A supermassive black hole (SMBH or sometimes SBH )[ a] is the largest type of black hole , with its mass being on the order of hundreds of thousands, or millions to billions, of times the mass of the Sun (M ☉ ). Black holes are a class of astronomical objects that have undergone gravitational collapse , leaving behind spheroidal regions of space from which nothing can escape, including light . Observational evidence indicates that almost every large galaxy has a supermassive black hole at its center .[ 5] [ 6] For example, the Milky Way galaxy has a supermassive black hole at its center , corresponding to the radio source Sagittarius A* .[ 7] [ 8] Accretion of interstellar gas onto supermassive black holes is the process responsible for powering active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and quasars .[ 9]
Two supermassive black holes have been directly imaged by the Event Horizon Telescope : the black hole in the giant elliptical galaxy Messier 87 and the black hole at the Milky Way’s center (Sagittarius A* ).[ 10] [ 11]
^ Overbye, Dennis (April 10, 2019). "Black Hole Picture Revealed for the First Time – Astronomers at last have captured an image of the darkest entities in the cosmos – Comments" . The New York Times . Retrieved April 10, 2019 .
^ The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration (April 10, 2019). "First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole" . The Astrophysical Journal Letters . 875 (1): L1. arXiv :1906.11238 . Bibcode :2019ApJ...875L...1E . doi :10.3847/2041-8213/ab0ec7 .
^ The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration; Akiyama, Kazunori; Alberdi, Antxon; Alef, Walter; Asada, Keiichi; Azulay, Rebecca; Baczko, Anne-Kathrin; Ball, David; Baloković, Mislav; Barrett, John; Bintley, Dan; Blackburn, Lindy; Boland, Wilfred; Bouman, Katherine L.; Bower, Geoffrey C. (April 10, 2019). "First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. V. Physical Origin of the Asymmetric Ring" . The Astrophysical Journal . 875 (1): See especially Fig. 5. arXiv :1906.11242 . Bibcode :2019ApJ...875L...5E . doi :10.3847/2041-8213/ab0f43 . hdl :10150/633753 . ISSN 2041-8213 . S2CID 145894922 .
^ The Real Science of the EHT Black Hole , May 2019, retrieved August 10, 2023 . t = 8min
^ Kormendy, John; Richstone, Douglas (1995), "Inward Bound—The Search For Supermassive Black Holes In Galactic Nuclei", Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics , 33 : 581, Bibcode :1995ARA&A..33..581K , doi :10.1146/annurev.aa.33.090195.003053
^ Kormendy, John; Ho, Luis (2013). "Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics . 51 (1): 511–653. arXiv :1304.7762 . Bibcode :2013ARA&A..51..511K . doi :10.1146/annurev-astro-082708-101811 . S2CID 118172025 .
^ Ghez, A.; Klein, B.; Morris, M.; Becklin, E (1998). "High Proper-Motion Stars in the Vicinity of Sagittarius A*: Evidence for a Supermassive Black Hole at the Center of Our Galaxy". The Astrophysical Journal . 509 (2): 678–686. arXiv :astro-ph/9807210 . Bibcode :1998ApJ...509..678G . doi :10.1086/306528 . S2CID 18243528 .
^
Schödel, R.; et al. (2002). "A star in a 15.2-year orbit around the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way". Nature . 419 (6908): 694–696. arXiv :astro-ph/0210426 . Bibcode :2002Natur.419..694S . doi :10.1038/nature01121 . PMID 12384690 . S2CID 4302128 .
^ Frank, Juhan; King, Andrew; Raine, Derek J. (January 2002). "Accretion Power in Astrophysics: Third Edition". Accretion Power in Astrophysics . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Bibcode :2002apa..book.....F . ISBN 0521620538 .
^ Overbye, Dennis (May 12, 2022). "Has the Milky Way's Black Hole Come to Light? - The Event Horizon Telescope reaches again for a glimpse of the "unseeable." " . The New York Times . Retrieved May 12, 2022 .
^ updated, Robert Lea last (May 11, 2022). "Sagittarius A*: The Milky Way's supermassive black hole" . Space.com . Retrieved October 29, 2023 .
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