Back نظرية عالمية ثالثة Arabic Tercer teoría universal AST Трэцяя сусветная тэорыя Byelorussian Tercera teoría universal Spanish Hirugarren Teoria Unibertsala Basque نظریه سوم جهانی Persian Troisième théorie universelle French Երրորդ համաշխարհային տեսություն Armenian Teori Internasional Ketiga ID 제3국제이론 Korean

Third International Theory

Not to be confused with the Third International or Comintern.

Third International Theory
نظرية عالمية ثالثة
IdeologyArab nationalism[1]
Nasserism[2]
Anti-imperialism[1]
Islamism[1]
Pan-Arabism (until the 1990s)[3][4]
Pan-Africanism (since the 1990s)[5][6]
Islamic socialism[7]
African nationalism[7]
Left-wing populism[8][9]
Direct democracy[7]
Non-alignment[10]
Anti-Zionism
Political positionLeft-wing
This article is part of
a series about
Muammar Gaddafi
Personal
Affiliations
Libya under Muammar Gaddafi
Military (Armed Forces)
Leadership (History)
Elections and referendums
Muammar Gaddafi's signature

The Third International Theory (Arabic: نظرية عالمية ثالثة), also known as the Third Universal Theory and Gaddafism, was the style of government proposed by Muammar Gaddafi on 15 April 1973 in his Zuwara speech,[11] on which his government, the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, was officially based. It combined elements of Arab nationalism, Nasserism,[12] Anti-imperialism, Islamic socialism, left-wing populism,[13][14] African nationalism, Pan-Arabism,[15] and it was partly influenced by the principles of direct democracy.[7] Another source that the Gaddafi draws from is Islamic fundamentalism; he opposed formal instruction in the meaning of the Qur'an as blasphemous and argued that Muslims had strayed too far from God and the Qur'an.[1] However, Gaddafi's regime has been described as Islamist, rather than fundamentalist, for he opposed Salafism, and many Islamic fundamentalists were imprisoned during his rule.[16]

It has similarities with the system of Yugoslav socialist self-management in Titoist Yugoslavia during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s as developed by Edvard Kardelj.[7] It was also inspired in part by the Little Red Book of Mao Zedong and the Three Worlds Theory.[17] It was proposed by Gaddafi as an alternative to capitalism and Marxism–Leninism for Third World countries, based on the stated belief that both of these ideologies had been proven invalid.[1]

The Higher Council for National Guidance was created to disseminate and implement this theory, and it found partial realization in Libya, a self-proclaimed utopian model state.[18] The fall of Gaddafi and his assassination in 2011 led to the disestablishment of his system and its replacement by the National Transitional Council.

  1. ^ a b c d e John, Ronald Bruce St (15 March 2023). Historical Dictionary of Libya. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 356–358. ISBN 978-1-5381-5742-8.
  2. ^ Campbell, Horace (15 August 2013). NATO's Failure in Libya: Lessons for Africa. African Books Collective. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-7983-0370-5.
  3. ^ "The Middle East in Revolt - TIME". Time. 22 February 2011.
  4. ^ Studies, American University (Washington, D.C.) Foreign Area (1979). Libya, a Country Study. Department of Defense], Department of the Army. pp. 203–205.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ "The Middle East in Revolt - TIME". Time. 22 February 2011.
  6. ^ "African intellectuals remember late Muammar Gaddafi as pan-African".
  7. ^ a b c d e Iveković, Ivan (3 April 2009). "Libijska džamahirija između prošlosti i sadašnjosti – 1. Dio" [Libyan Jamahiriya between past and present – Part 1]. H-Alter – Udruga za medijsku kulturu (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  8. ^ "Gaddafi: From Popular Hero to Isolated Dictator". 17 March 2011.
  9. ^ Beam, Jacob (12 April 2023). "Mu'ammar Gaddafi: A Populist Approach". All Digital Humanities Projects.
  10. ^ Campbell, Horace (15 August 2013). NATO's Failure in Libya: Lessons for Africa. African Books Collective. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-7983-0370-5.
  11. ^ Vandewalle, Dirk (1991). "Qadhafi's "Perestroika": Economic and Political Liberalization in Libya". Middle East Journal. 45 (2): 216–231. ISSN 0026-3141. JSTOR 4328274.
  12. ^ Campbell, Horace (15 August 2013). NATO's Failure in Libya: Lessons for Africa. African Books Collective. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-7983-0370-5.
  13. ^ "Gaddafi: From Popular Hero to Isolated Dictator". 17 March 2011.
  14. ^ Beam, Jacob (12 April 2023). "Mu'ammar Gaddafi: A Populist Approach". All Digital Humanities Projects.
  15. ^ Studies, American University (Washington, D.C.) Foreign Area (1979). Libya, a Country Study. Department of Defense], Department of the Army. pp. 203–205.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ "Human rights worse after Gaddafi - Libya | ReliefWeb". 14 July 2012.
  17. ^ Harris 1986, p. 58.
  18. ^ Hjärpe, Jan (1 August 1976). "Religion and ideology: Mu'ammar al-Kadhdhafi, Islam and the "Third International Theory"". Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis. 9: 56–71. doi:10.30674/scripta.67108. ISSN 2343-4937. Retrieved 25 December 2021.

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