Back Tigranes die Grote Afrikaans Tigranes II. ALS ታላቁ ቲግራኔስ Amharic ديكرانوس الثاني Arabic ديكرانوس التانى ARZ Tigranes II AVK II Tiqran Azerbaijani ایکینجی تیقران AZB Тыгран II Byelorussian Тигран II Bulgarian
| Tigranes the Great | |
|---|---|
| King of Kings Great King King of Armenia King of Syria King of Media[1][2] King of the Four Corners of the World[1][2] | |
 Coin of Tigranes, Antioch mint. | |
| King of Armenia | |
| Reign | 95–55 BC |
| Predecessor | Tigranes I |
| Successor | Artavasdes II |
| Born | 140 BC |
| Died | 55 BC (aged 85) |
| Burial | |
| Consort | Cleopatra of Pontus |
| Issue | Zariadres Tigranes Artavasdes II Unnamed son Ariazate Two unnamed daughters |
| Dynasty | Artaxiad |
| Father | Artavasdes I or Tigranes I |
| Religion | Zoroastrianism[3][4] |
Tigranes II, more commonly known as Tigranes the Great (Tigran Mets in Armenian;[5][a][b] 140–55 BC), was a king of Armenia. A member of the Artaxiad dynasty, he ruled from 95 BC to 55 BC. Under his reign, the Armenian kingdom expanded beyond its traditional boundaries and reached its peak, allowing Tigranes to claim the title Great King or King of Kings. His empire for a short time was the most powerful state to the east of the Roman Republic. The appearance of Halley's comet during his reign, as depicted on the rare series of Tigranes's coins,[8] was seen as an auspicious sign.[9]
Either the son or nephew of Artavasdes I, Tigranes was given as a hostage to Mithridates II of Parthia after Armenia came under Parthian suzerainty. After ascending to the Armenian throne, he rapidly expanded his kingdom by invading or annexing Roman and Parthian client-kingdoms. Tigran decided to ally with Mithridates VI of Pontus by marrying his daughter Cleopatra. At its height, Tigranes' empire stretched from the Pontic Alps to Mesopotamia and from the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean. With captured vassals, his lands even reached the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. Many of the inhabitants of conquered cities were forcibly relocated to his new capital, Tigranocerta. An admirer of the Greek culture, Tigranes invited many Greek rhetoricians and philosophers to his court, and his capital was noted for its Hellenistic architecture.
Armenia came into direct conflict with Rome after Mithridates VI was forced to seek refuge in Tigranes' court. In 69 BC, Tigranes was decisively defeated at the Battle of Tigranocerta by a Roman army under the command of Lucullus, and a year later he met another major defeat at Artaxata, the old Armenian capital. The recall of Lucullus gave Tigranes a brief respite, but in 66 BC Armenia faced another Roman invasion led by Pompey, aided by Tigranes' own son, Tigranes the Younger. Tigranes chose to surrender and was allowed to retain the heartland of his kingdom as a Roman buffer state, while all of his conquests were annexed. He continued to rule Armenia as a client-king of Rome until his death around 55 BC at the age of 85.
- ^ a b Strabo 1924, p. 264.
- ^ a b Strabo 1924, pp. 264–266; Jones 1924, pp. 1–10
- ^ Romeny 2010, p. 264.
- ^ Curtis 2016, p. 185; de Jong 2015, pp. 119–120, 123–125; Chaumont 1986, pp. 418–438
- ^ Manaserian, R. (1985). "Tigran B Mets" Տիգրան Բ Մեծ. In Arzumanian, Makich (ed.). Haykakan sovetakan hanragitaran Հայկական սովետական հանրագիտարան [Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia] (in Armenian). Vol. 11. Erevan: Haykakan SSH Gitutʻyunneri Akademia. pp. 697–698.
- ^ Achaṛyan, Hrachʻya (1965). "Tigran" Տիգրան. Hayotsʻ andznanunneri baṛaran Հայոց անձնանունների բառարան [Dictionary of Armenian personal names] (in Armenian). Vol. V. Erevan: Petakan hamalsarani hratarakchʻutʻyun. pp. 147-148.
- ^ Ubbo Emmius (1620). Appendix Genealogica: illustrando operi chronologico adjecta. Excudebat Ioannes Sassivs. p. D5.
- ^ Gurzadyan, V. G.; Vardanyan, R. (August 2004). "Halley's comet of 87 BC on the coins of Armenian king Tigranes?". Astronomy & Geophysics. 45 (4): 4.06. arXiv:physics/0405073. Bibcode:2004A&G....45d...6G. doi:10.1046/j.1468-4004.2003.45406.x. S2CID 119357985.
- ^ Mayor, Adrienne (2011). The Poison King: The Life and Legend of Mithradates, Rome's Deadliest Enemy. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 31–32. ISBN 9780691150260.
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