Tigris

Tigris
Tigris
	Tigris river in Baghdad
	Map of the Tigris–Euphrates river system
Location
Country	Turkey, Syria, Iraq
Source region	Taurus Mountains
Cities	Elazığ, Diyarbakır, Mosul, Baghdad
Physical characteristics
Source	Lake Hazar
• location	Gölardı, Turkey
• coordinates	38°29′0″N 39°25′0″E / 38.48333°N 39.41667°E
• elevation	1,150 m (3,770 ft)
Mouth	Shatt al-Arab
• location	Al-Qurnah, Iraq
• coordinates	31°0′18″N 47°26′31″E / 31.00500°N 47.44194°E
• elevation	1 m (3.3 ft)
Length	1,900 km (1,200 mi)
Basin size	375,000 km2 (145,000 sq mi)
Discharge
• location	Baghdad
• average	1,014 m3/s (35,800 cu ft/s)
• minimum	337 m3/s (11,900 cu ft/s)
• maximum	2,779 m3/s (98,100 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Progression	Shatt al-Arab → Persian Gulf
River system	Tigris–Euphrates river system
Tributaries
• left	Garzan, Botan, Khabur, Greater Zab, Lesser Zab, 'Adhaim, Cizre, Diyala
• right	Wadi Tharthar
	;

The Tigris (/ˈtaɪɡrɪs/ TY-griss; see below) is the eastern of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates. The river flows south from the mountains of the Taurus in Turkey, down through northern and eastern Iraq, before merging with the Euphrates into the Shatt Al-Arab waterway, which empties into the Persian Gulf.

The Tigris passes through historical cities like Mosul, Tikrit, Samarra, and Baghdad. It is also home to archaeological sites and ancient religious communities, including the Mandaeans, who use it for baptism. In ancient times, the Tigris nurtured the Assyrian Empire, with remnants like the relief of King Tiglath-Pileser.

Today, the Tigris faces modern threats from geopolitical instability, dam projects, poor water management, and climate change, leading to concerns about its sustainability. Efforts to protect and preserve the river's legacy are ongoing, with local archaeologists and activists working to safeguard its future.

^ Barentine, John C. (2016). The Lost Constellations. Switzerland: Springer. pp. 425–438. ISBN 9783319227948.
^ Nicoll, Kathleen (2010). "Landscape development within a young collision zone: implications for post-Tethyan evolution of the Upper Tigris River system in southeastern Turkey". International Geology Review. 52 (4–6). Taylor & Francis: 404–405. doi:10.1080/00206810902951072.
^ Nicoll, Kathleen. "Geomorphic Evolution of the Upper Basin of the Tigris River, Turkey". University of Utah. Archived from the original on 2023-10-25. Retrieved 2021-09-05.
^ Isaev, V.A.; Mikhailova, M.V. (2009). "The hydrology, evolution, and hydrological regime of the mouth area of the Shatt al-Arab River". Water Resources. 36 (4): 380–395. doi:10.1134/S0097807809040022. S2CID 129706440.
^ Kolars, J.F.; Mitchell, W.A. (1991). The Euphrates River and the Southeast Anatolia Development Project. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 6–8. ISBN 0-8093-1572-6.

[1] Barentine, John C. (2016). The Lost Constellations. Switzerland: Springer. pp. 425–438. ISBN 9783319227948.

[2] Nicoll, Kathleen (2010). "Landscape development within a young collision zone: implications for post-Tethyan evolution of the Upper Tigris River system in southeastern Turkey". International Geology Review. 52 (4–6). Taylor & Francis: 404–405. doi:10.1080/00206810902951072.

[3] Nicoll, Kathleen. "Geomorphic Evolution of the Upper Basin of the Tigris River, Turkey". University of Utah. Archived from the original on 2023-10-25. Retrieved 2021-09-05.

[Isaev-4] Isaev, V.A.; Mikhailova, M.V. (2009). "The hydrology, evolution, and hydrological regime of the mouth area of the Shatt al-Arab River". Water Resources. 36 (4): 380–395. doi:10.1134/S0097807809040022. S2CID 129706440.

[5] Kolars, J.F.; Mitchell, W.A. (1991). The Euphrates River and the Southeast Anatolia Development Project. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 6–8. ISBN 0-8093-1572-6.

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