Tin

Tin, ₅₀Sn

Tin
Allotropes	silvery-white, β (beta); gray, α (alpha)
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Sn)
	118.710±0.007[1] 118.71±0.01 (abridged)[2]
Tin in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson Ge ↑ Sn ↓ Pb indium ← tin → antimony
Atomic number (Z)	50
Group	group 14 (carbon group)
Period	period 5
Block	p-block
Electron configuration	[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 18, 4
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	505.08 K ​(231.93 °C, ​449.47 °F)
Boiling point	2875 K ​(2602 °C, ​4716 °F)
Density (at 20° C)	white (β): 7.289 g/cm3 gray (α): 5.770 g/cm3[3]
when liquid (at m.p.)	6.99 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	white (β): 7.03 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	white (β): 296.1 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	white (β): 27.112 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1497 1657 1855 2107 2438 2893
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	common: −4, +2, +4 −3,? −2,? −1,? 0,[4] +1,[5] +3[6]
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.96
Ionization energies	1st: 708.6 kJ/mol 2nd: 1411.8 kJ/mol 3rd: 2943.0 kJ/mol
Atomic radius	empirical: 140 pm
Covalent radius	139±4 pm
Van der Waals radius	217 pm
Spectral lines of tin
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	white (β): ​body-centered tetragonal (tI4)
Lattice constants	white (β): a = 583.13 pm c = 318.11 pm (at 20 °C)[3]
Crystal structure	gray (α): ​face-centered diamond-cubic (cF8)
Lattice constant	gray (α): a = 648.96 pm (at 20 °C)[3]
Thermal expansion	white (β): 21.76×10−6/K (at 20 °C)[a] gray (α): 5.20×10−6/K (at 20 °C)[3]
Thermal conductivity	66.8 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	115 nΩ⋅m (at 0 °C)
Magnetic ordering	white (β): paramagnetic gray (α): diamagnetic[7]
Molar magnetic susceptibility	white (β): +3.1×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)[8]
Young's modulus	50 GPa
Shear modulus	18 GPa
Bulk modulus	58 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod	2730 m/s (at r.t.) (rolled)
Poisson ratio	0.36
Mohs hardness	1.5
Brinell hardness	50–440 MPa
CAS Number	7440-31-5
History
Discovery	protohistoric, around 35th century BC
Symbol	"Sn": from Latin stannum
Isotopes of tin v e
Main isotopes[9] Decay abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct 112Sn 0.970% stable 114Sn 0.66% stable 115Sn 0.34% stable 116Sn 14.5% stable 117Sn 7.68% stable 118Sn 24.2% stable 119Sn 8.59% stable 120Sn 32.6% stable 122Sn 4.63% stable 124Sn 5.79% stable 126Sn trace 2.3×105 y β− 126Sb
Category: Tin view talk edit | references

Tin is a chemical element; it has symbol Sn (from Latin stannum) and atomic number 50. A silvery-colored metal, tin is soft enough to be cut with little force,^[10] and a bar of tin can be bent by hand with little effort. When bent, the so-called "tin cry" can be heard as a result of twinning in tin crystals.^[11]

Tin is a post-transition metal in group 14 of the periodic table of elements. It is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, which contains stannic oxide, SnO
₂. Tin shows a chemical similarity to both of its neighbors in group 14, germanium and lead, and has two main oxidation states, +2 and the slightly more stable +4. Tin is the 49th most abundant element on Earth, making up 0.00022% of its crust, and with 10 stable isotopes, it has the largest number of stable isotopes in the periodic table, due to its magic number of protons.

It has two main allotropes: at room temperature, the stable allotrope is β-tin, a silvery-white, malleable metal; at low temperatures it is less dense grey α-tin, which has the diamond cubic structure. Metallic tin does not easily oxidize in air and water.

The first tin alloy used on a large scale was bronze, made of 1⁄8 tin and 7⁄8 copper (12.5% and 87.5% respectively), from as early as 3000 BC. After 600 BC, pure metallic tin was produced. Pewter, which is an alloy of 85–90% tin with the remainder commonly consisting of copper, antimony, bismuth, and sometimes lead and silver, has been used for flatware since the Bronze Age. In modern times, tin is used in many alloys, most notably tin-lead soft solders, which are typically 60% or more tin, and in the manufacture of transparent, electrically conducting films of indium tin oxide in optoelectronic applications. Another large application is corrosion-resistant tin plating of steel. Because of the low toxicity of inorganic tin, tin-plated steel is widely used for food packaging as "tin cans". Some organotin compounds can be extremely toxic.

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