Back Titaan Afrikaans ቲታኒየም Amharic Titanio AN تيتانيوم Arabic تيطان ARY تيتانيوم ARZ Titaniu AST Gerendel AVK टाइटानियम AWA Titan Azerbaijani
 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Titanium | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pronunciation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appearance | silvery grey-white metallic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ti) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Titanium in the periodic table | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic number (Z) | 22 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Group | group 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Period | period 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Block | d-block | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electron configuration | [Ar] 3d2 4s2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 10, 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Physical properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Phase at STP | solid | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Melting point | 1941 K (1668 °C, 3034 °F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Boiling point | 3560 K (3287 °C, 5949 °F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Density (at 20° C) | 4.502 g/cm3 [4] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| when liquid (at m.p.) | 4.11 g/cm3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of fusion | 14.15 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of vaporization | 425 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Molar heat capacity | 25.060 J/(mol·K) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Vapor pressure
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oxidation states | common: +4 −2,[5] −1,[6] 0,[7] +1,[8] +2,[6] +3[6] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 1.54 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ionization energies |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius | empirical: 147 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Covalent radius | 160±8 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Natural occurrence | primordial | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | hexagonal close-packed (hcp) (hP2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lattice constants |  c = 468.33 pm (at 20 °C)[4] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal expansion | 9.68×10−6/K (at 20 °C)[a] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal conductivity | 21.9 W/(m⋅K) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrical resistivity | 420 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Magnetic ordering | paramagnetic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Molar magnetic susceptibility | +153.0×10−6 cm3/mol (293 K)[9] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Young's modulus | 116 GPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shear modulus | 44 GPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bulk modulus | 110 GPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Speed of sound thin rod | 5090 m/s (at r.t.) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Poisson ratio | 0.32 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mohs hardness | 6.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vickers hardness | 830–3420 MPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Brinell hardness | 716–2770 MPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CAS Number | 7440-32-6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Discovery | William Gregor (1791) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| First isolation | Jöns Jakob Berzelius (1825) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Named by | Martin Heinrich Klaproth (1795) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Isotopes of titanium | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Titanium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ti and atomic number 22. Found in nature only as an oxide, it can be reduced to produce a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density, and high strength, resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, and chlorine.
Titanium was discovered in Cornwall, Great Britain, by William Gregor in 1791 and was named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth after the Titans of Greek mythology. The element occurs within a number of minerals, principally rutile and ilmenite, which are widely distributed in the Earth's crust and lithosphere; it is found in almost all living things, as well as bodies of water, rocks, and soils.[11] The metal is extracted from its principal mineral ores by the Kroll and Hunter processes.[12] The most common compound, titanium dioxide, is a popular photocatalyst and is used in the manufacture of white pigments.[13] Other compounds include titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), a component of smoke screens and catalysts; and titanium trichloride (TiCl3), which is used as a catalyst in the production of polypropylene.[11]
Titanium can be alloyed with iron, aluminium, vanadium, and molybdenum, among other elements. The resulting titanium alloys are strong, lightweight, and versatile, with applications including aerospace (jet engines, missiles, and spacecraft), military, industrial processes (chemicals and petrochemicals, desalination plants, pulp, and paper), automotive, agriculture (farming), sporting goods, jewelry, and consumer electronics.[11] Titanium is also considered one of the most biocompatible metals, leading to a range of medical applications including prostheses, orthopedic implants, dental implants, and surgical instruments.[14]
The two most useful properties of the metal are corrosion resistance and strength-to-density ratio, the highest of any metallic element.[15] In its unalloyed condition, titanium is as strong as some steels, but less dense.[16] There are two allotropic forms[17] and five naturally occurring isotopes of this element, 46Ti through 50Ti, with 48Ti being the most abundant (73.8%).[18]
- ^ "titanium". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019.
- ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Titanium". CIAAW. 1993.
- ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
- ^ a b Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
- ^ Ti(-2) is known in Ti(CO)2−6; see John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). doi:10.1021/ic052110i.
- ^ a b c Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
- ^ Jilek, Robert E.; Tripepi, Giovanna; Urnezius, Eugenijus; Brennessel, William W.; Young, Victor G. Jr.; Ellis, John E. (2007). "Zerovalent titanium–sulfur complexes. Novel dithiocarbamato derivatives of Ti(CO)6:[Ti(CO)4(S2CNR2)]−". Chem. Commun. (25): 2639–2641. doi:10.1039/B700808B. PMID 17579764.
- ^ Andersson, N.; et al. (2003). "Emission spectra of TiH and TiD near 938 nm". J. Chem. Phys. 118 (8): 10543. Bibcode:2003JChPh.118.3543A. doi:10.1063/1.1539848.
- ^ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
- ^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
- ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference
EBCwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
LANLwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Krebs, Robert E. (2006). The History and Use of Our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide (2nd ed.). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-33438-2.
- ^ Medical, Tokyo; University, Dental (24 May 2022). "Exploring what gives titanium implants their remarkable biocompatibility". Phys.org. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- ^ Donachie 1988, p. 11
- ^ Barksdale 1968, p. 738
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
TICE6thwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Barbalace, Kenneth L. (2006). "Periodic Table of Elements: Ti – Titanium". Retrieved 26 December 2006.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).