Back Protectorado francés de Tonkín Spanish Protectorat français du Tonkin French טונקין (הצרפתית) HE Tonkin (protektorat Prancis) ID トンキン保護国 Japanese Protectoraat Tonkin Dutch Протекторат Тонкин Russian Tonkin (francuski protektorat) Serbo-Croatian Тонкин Serbian Franska protektoratet Tonkin Swedish
Protectorate of Tonkin | |
|---|---|
| 1883–1945 1946–1948 (1949) | |
| Motto: Liberté, égalité, fraternité "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" | |
| Anthem: "La Marseillaise" | |
| Great Seal of the Viceroy of Tonkin[1] Khâm sai đại thần quan phòng 欽差大臣關防 &sq=Sri Lanka&lang=en&file=File:Kh%C3%A2m_sai_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_th%E1%BA%A7n_quan_ph%C3%B2ng_(%E6%AC%BD%E5%B7%AE%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3%E9%97%9C%E9%98%B2).svg) (Until 1897) | |
&sq=Sri Lanka&lang=en&file=File:Atlas_de_l%27Indochine_dress%C3%A9_(...)Indochine_fran%C3%A7aise_bpt6k11001779_67.jpg) Administrative divisions of Tonkin 1920 | |
| Status | Protectorate of France (1883–1945) Constituent territory of French Indochina (1887–1948) |
| Capital | Hanoi |
| Common languages | French, Vietnamese, Central Tai languages, Southwestern Tai languages, Hmongic languages, Mienic languages |
| Religion | Mahayana Buddhism Confucianism Taoism Catholicism Folk religion |
| Demonym(s) | Tonkinese |
| Government | Absolute monarchy under colonial administration |
| Resident-Superior | |
• 1886 | Paulin François Alexandre Vial |
• 1947–1948 | Yves Jean Digo |
| Kinh lược sứ (Viceroy of Tonkin) | |
• 1883–1885 | Nguyễn Hữu Độ (first) |
• 1890–1897 | Hoàng Cao Khải (last) |
| Legislature | None (rule by decree) House of Representatives (de jure advisory body) |
| Historical era | New Imperialism |
| 25 August 1883 | |
| 6 June 1884 | |
| September 1940 | |
| 25 August 1945 | |
• Creation of the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam | 1948 |
• Élysée Accords signed on March 8; ratification by France in 1950, formally recognising the end of the protectorate over Vietnam[2] | 1949 |
| Population | |
• 1885 | 7,487,000[3] |
• 1939 | 11,509,000[3] |
| Currency | Vietnamese cash, French Indochinese piastre |
| Today part of | Vietnam China ∟Zhanjiang |
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Tonkin (chữ Hán: 東京), or Bắc Kỳ (北圻), was a French protectorate encompassing modern Northern Vietnam. Like the French protectorate of Annam, Tonkin was still nominally ruled by the Nguyễn dynasty, but in 1886, the French separated Tonkin from the Nguyễn imperial court in Huế by establishing the office of "Viceroy" (經略衙, Kinh lược nha).[4] However, on 26 July 1897, the position of Viceroy was abolished, officially making the French resident-superior of Tonkin both the representative of the French colonial administration and the Nguyễn dynasty court in Huế, giving him the power to appoint local mandarins.[4] In 1887, Tonkin became a part of the Union of Indochina.
In 1945, the emperor Bảo Đại rescinded the Patenôtre Treaty, ending the French protectorates over Annam and Tonkin, creating the Empire of Vietnam, a Japanese puppet state.[5] Following the surrender of Japan, ending World War II, the Việt Minh launched the August Revolution which led to the abolition of the Nguyễn dynasty and the Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
Tonkin was briefly occupied by the Chinese National Army before being returned to France. After eliminating virtually all nationalist oppositions,[6][7] the communist-led Việt Minh clashed with the French over control of the territory. In 1948, Tonkin and Annam were officially merged under the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam. The French legally maintained the protectorate until they formally signed over sovereignty to the Bảo Đại and the State of Vietnam in 1950 after signing the Élysée Accords in 1949.[2]
- ^ ThS. Hà Văn Huề, ThS. Nguyễn Thị Thu Hường, ThS. Đoàn Thị Thu Thuỷ, PGS.TS Nguyễn Công Việt – Ấn chương trên Châu bản triều Nguyễn. – Năm xuất bản : 2013 Nhà xuất bản : (NXB Hà Nội Cuốn sách). Page 112. (in Vietnamese).
- ^ a b Le Monde illustré - Le Vietnam à cessé d'être protectorat français cérémonie à l'hôtel de ville de Saïgon avec l'empereur Bao Daï et le commissaire de la République M. Pignon (Vietnam ceased to be a French protectorate, ceremony at Saigon City Hall with Emperor Bao Dai and the Commissioner of the Republic, Mr Pignon.) Published: 1950. Quote: "Au cours d'une cérémonie qui s'est déroulée à l'hôtel de ville de Saigon, S.M. l'empereur Bao Daï et le haut commisaire de la République M. Pignon, ont signé la coxcation pour l'application des accords du 8 mars 1949, qui transfère au Vietnam, indépendant au sein de l'Union française, les pouvoies drenus par la France et remet au souverain le contrôle de l'administracion.". (in French).
- ^ a b GDP of North and South Vietnam from 1800 to 1970, Davis, University of California, January 2000
- ^ a b Dommen, Arthur. The Indochinese Experience of the French, and the Americans, Nationalism and Communism in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2001. Page 23.
- ^ Việt Nam, Hội Khuyến học (November 17, 2011). "Mặt trận Tổ quốc Việt Nam: Chặng đường 80 năm vẻ vang". Dân trí.
- ^ Marr, David G. (2013). Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution (1945–1946). University of California Press. pp. 405–406. ISBN 9780520274150.
- ^ Kort, Michael G. (2017). The Vietnam War Reexamined. Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–63, 81–85. ISBN 9781107110199.