Back دبلوماسية ثانية Arabic Diplomacia paralela Spanish Diplomatie parallèle French Երկրորդ ուղու դիվանագիտություն Armenian Diplomazia parallela Italian Parallelle diplomatie Dutch Гражданская дипломатия Russian ٽرئيڪ ٽو ڊپلوميسي Sindhi
Track II diplomacy is the practice of non-state actors using conflict resolution tactics (such as workshops and conversations) to "[lower] the anger or tension or fear that exists" between conflicting groups.
These "non-governmental, informal and unofficial contacts" host activities to improve communication and understanding between citizens, such as through workshops and conversations.[1]
According to American peace activist Joseph V. Montville, who coined the term, track I diplomacy entails official, governmental diplomacy between nations, such as negotiations conducted by professional diplomats.[2] Track II diplomacy refers to conflict resolution efforts by practitioners and theorists. These efforts involve "improved communication" to further "a better understanding of [conflicting groups'] point of view".[3]