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Tuareg people

"Tuareg" redirects here. For other uses, see Tuareg (disambiguation).

Tuareg
Imuhăɣ/Imašăɣăn/Imajăɣăn
ⵎⵂⵗ/ⵎⵛⵗⵏ/ⵎ‌ⵊⵗⵏ
A Tuareg in Algiers, Algeria.
Total population
c. 4.0 million
Regions with significant populations
 Niger2,793,652 (11% of its total population)[1]
 Mali704,814 (1.7% of its total population)[2]
 Burkina Faso406,271 (1.9% of its total population)[3]
 Libya100,000–250,000 (nomadic, 1.5% of its total population)[4][5]
 Algeria152,000 (0.34% of its total population)[6][7]
 Mauritania123,000 (2.6% of its total population)[8]
 Nigeria30,000 (0.015% of its total population)[9]
Languages
Tuareg languages (Tamahaq, Tamasheq/Tafaghist, Tamajeq, Tawellemmet), Maghrebi Arabic, French (those resident in Niger, Mali and Burkina Faso), Hassaniya Arabic (those residing in Mauritania, Mali, and Niger), English (those resident in Nigeria), Algerian Saharan Arabic (those residing in Algeria and Niger)
Religion
Predominately Sunni Islam
Related ethnic groups
Other Berbers, Arab-Berbers and Arabized Berbers, Songhay people, Hausa people

The Tuareg people (/ˈtwɑːrɛɡ/; also spelled Twareg or Touareg; endonym: Imuhaɣ/Imušaɣ/Imašeɣăn/Imajeɣăn[10]) are a large Berber ethnic group, traditionally nomadic pastoralists, who principally inhabit the Sahara in a vast area stretching from far southwestern Libya to southern Algeria, Niger, Mali, and Burkina Faso, as far as northern Nigeria.[11][12]

The Tuareg speak languages of the same name, also known as Tamasheq, which belong to the Berber branch of the Afroasiatic family.[13]

They are a semi-nomadic people who mostly practice Islam, and are descended from the indigenous Berber communities of Northern Africa, whose ancestry has been described as a mosaic of local Northern African (Taforalt), Middle Eastern, European (Early European Farmers), and Sub-Saharan African, prior to the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb.[14][15] Some researchers have tied the origin of the Tuareg ethnicity with the fall of the Garamantes who inhabited the Fezzan (Libya) from the 1st millennium BC to the 5th century AD.[16][17] Tuareg people are credited with spreading Islam in North Africa and the adjacent Sahel region.[18]

Tuareg social structure has traditionally included clan membership, social status and caste hierarchies within each political confederation.[19][20][21] The Tuareg have controlled several trans-Saharan trade routes and have been an important party to the conflicts in the Saharan region during the colonial and post-colonial eras.[19]

  1. ^ "The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 8 October 2016., Niger: 11% of 23.6 million
  2. ^ "Africa: Mali – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. 27 April 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021., Mali: 1.7% of 20.1 million
  3. ^ "The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 12 October 2021., Burkina Faso: 1.9% of 21.4 million
  4. ^ Adriana Petre; Ewan Gordon (7 June 2016). "Toubou-Tuareg Dynamics within Libya" (PDF). DANU Strategic Forecasting Group. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  5. ^ "Tuareg and citizenship: 'The last camp of nomadism'". Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  6. ^ Project, Joshua. "Tuareg in Algeria". Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  7. ^ Project, Joshua. "Tahaggart Tuareg in Algeria". Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  8. ^ "Tamasheq". Ethnologue. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  9. ^ Pongou, Roland (30 June 2010). "Nigeria: Multiple Forms of Mobility in Africa's Demographic Giant". migrationpolicy.org. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  10. ^ "Anja Fischer / Imuhar (Tuareg) – designation". imuhar.eu. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference Shoup was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ "The total Tuareg population is well above one million individuals." Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie, Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world, Elsevier, 2008, ISBN 9780080877747, p. 152.
  13. ^ "Ethnologue: Languages of the World". Ethnologue.
  14. ^ Rasmussen, Susan J. (1996). "Tuareg". In Levinson, David (ed.). Encyclopedia of World Culture, Volume 9: Africa and the Middle East. G.K. Hall. pp. 366–369. ISBN 978-0-8161-1808-3.
  15. ^ Arauna, Lara R; Comas, David (15 September 2017). "Genetic Heterogeneity between Berbers and Arabs". eLS: 1–7. doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0027485. ISBN 9780470016176.
  16. ^ Wright, John (3 April 2007). The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade. Routledge. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-134-17987-9.
  17. ^ Ottoni, Claudio; Larmuseau, Maarten H. D.; Vanderheyden, Nancy; Martínez-Labarga, Cristina; Primativo, Giuseppina; Biondi, Gianfranco; Decorte, Ronny; Rickards, Olga (1 May 2011). "Deep into the roots of the Libyan Tuareg: a genetic survey of their paternal heritage". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 145 (1): 118–124. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21473. ISSN 1096-8644. PMID 21312181.
  18. ^ Harry T. Norris (1976). The Tuaregs: Their Islamic Legacy and Its Diffusion in the Sahel. London: Warminster. pp. 1–4, chapters 3, 4. ISBN 978-0-85668-362-6. OCLC 750606862.; For an abstract, ASC Leiden Catalogue; For a review of Norris' book: Stewart, C. C. (1977). "The Tuaregs: Their Islamic Legacy and its Diffusion in the Sahel. By H. T. Norris". Africa. 47 (4): 423–424. doi:10.2307/1158348. JSTOR 1158348. S2CID 140786332.
  19. ^ a b Elizabeth Heath (2010). Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates (ed.). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 499–500. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9.
  20. ^ Karl G. Prasse 1995, pp. 16, 17–22, 38–44.
  21. ^ Tamari, Tal (1991). "The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa". The Journal of African History. 32 (2): 221–222, 228–250. doi:10.1017/s0021853700025718. S2CID 162509491.

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