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Urartu

Urartu (exonym)[a]
860 BC – 590 BC/547 BC[1]
Urartu under Sarduri II, 743 BC
Urartu under Sarduri II, 743 BC
Capital
Common languages
Religion
Urartian polytheism[4]
GovernmentMonarchy
• 858–844
Arame
• 844–834(?)
Lutipri(?)
• 834–828
Sarduri I
• 828–810
Ishpuini
• 810–785
Menua
• 785–753
Argishti I
• 753–735
Sarduri II
• 735–714
Rusa I
• 714–680
Argishti II
• 680–639
Rusa II
• 639–635
Sarduri III
• 629–590 or 629–615
Rusa III
• 615–595
Sarduri IV
• 590–585
Rusa IV
Historical eraIron Age
• Established
860 BC 
• Median conquest (or Achaemenid conquest in 547[5])
 590 BC/547 BC[1]
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Nairi
Median Empire
Achaemenid Empire
Satrapy of Armenia
Part of a series on the
History of Armenia
Coat of Arms of Armenia
Coat of Arms of Armenia
Prehistory
Antiquity
Middle Ages
Early modern age
Modern age
Timeline • Origins • Etymology

The Urartu[b] was an Iron Age kingdom centered around the Armenian highlands between Lake Van, Lake Urmia, and Lake Sevan. The territory of the ancient kingdom of Urartu extended over the modern frontiers of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and the Republic of Armenia.[7][8] Its kings left behind cuneiform inscriptions in the Urartian language, a member of the Hurro-Urartian language family.[8] Since its re-discovery in the 19th century, Urartu, which is commonly believed to have been at least partially Armenian-speaking,[3][9][10][11][12] has played a significant role in Armenian nationalism.[13]

Urartu extended from the Euphrates in the west 850 km2 to the region west of Ardabil in Iran, and 500 km2 from Lake Çıldır near Ardahan in Turkey to the region of Rawandiz in Iraqi Kurdistan.[7] The kingdom emerged in the mid-9th century BC and dominated the Armenian Highlands in the 8th and 7th centuries BC.[8] Urartu frequently warred with Assyria and became, for a time, the most powerful state in the Near East.[8] Weakened by constant conflict, it was eventually conquered, either by the Iranian Medes in the early 6th century BC or by Cyrus the Great in the middle of the 6th century BC.[14][15] Archaeologically, it is noted for its large fortresses and sophisticated metalwork.[8]


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  1. ^ Nunn, Astrid (2011-05-15). "« The Median 'Empire', the End of Urartu and Cyrus the Great's Campaign in 547 BC (Nabonidus Chronicle II 16) ». Ancient West & East 7, 2008, p. 51-66". Abstracta Iranica. Revue bibliographique pour le domaine irano-aryen (in French). 31. doi:10.4000/abstractairanica.39422. ISSN 0240-8910. Après citation des passages pertinents, analyse des toponymes et une nouvelle lecture de la Chronique de Nabonide II 16, dont le nom géographique clef doit être lu « Urartu », il reste : Cyrus le Grand a « marché vers Urartu et vaincu son roi ». Urartu n'a donc pas été détruit par les Mèdes à la fin du VIIe s. mais a continué à exister comme entité politique jusqu'au milieu du VIe s. La Chronique de Nabonide (II 16) montre bien que la conquête de Cyrus le Grand mit fin à ce royaume.
  2. ^ Van de Mieroop, Marc (2007). A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000-323 BC. Blackwell Publishing. p. 215.
  3. ^ a b Diakonoff, Igor M (1992). "First Evidence of the Proto-Armenian Language in Eastern Anatolia". Annual of Armenian Linguistics. 13: 51–54. ISSN 0271-9800.
  4. ^ Avia Taffet; Jak Yakar (1998). "Politics and religion in Urartu". In Takahito, Prince Mikasa (ed.). Essays on Ancient Anatolia in the Second Millennium B.C. Bulletin of the Middle Eastern Culture Center in Japan. Vol. 10. Chūkintō-Bunka-Sentā Tōkyō: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 133–140. ISBN 9783447039673. ISSN 0177-1647.
  5. ^ Nunn, Astrid (2011-05-15). "« The Median 'Empire', the End of Urartu and Cyrus the Great's Campaign in 547 BC (Nabonidus Chronicle II 16) ». Ancient West & East 7, 2008, p. 51-66". Abstracta Iranica. Revue bibliographique pour le domaine irano-aryen (in French). 31. doi:10.4000/abstractairanica.39422. ISSN 0240-8910. Après citation des passages pertinents, analyse des toponymes et une nouvelle lecture de la Chronique de Nabonide II 16, dont le nom géographique clef doit être lu « Urartu », il reste : Cyrus le Grand a « marché vers Urartu et vaincu son roi ». Urartu n'a donc pas été détruit par les Mèdes à la fin du VIIe s. mais a continué à exister comme entité politique jusqu'au milieu du VIe s. La Chronique de Nabonide (II 16) montre bien que la conquête de Cyrus le Grand mit fin à ce royaume.
  6. ^ Eberhard Schrader, The Cuneiform inscriptions and the Old Testament (1885), p. 65.
  7. ^ a b Kleiss, Wolfram (2008). "URARTU IN IRAN". Encyclopædia Iranica.
  8. ^ a b c d e Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q., eds. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 30. ISBN 978-1884964985. OCLC 37931209. Armenian presence in their historical seats should then be sought at some time before c 600 BC; ... Armenian phonology, for instance, appears to have been greatly affected by Urartian, which may suggest a long period of bilingualism.
  10. ^ Robert Drews. Militarism and the Indo-Europeanizing of Europe. Routledge. 2017. p. 228. "The vernacular of the Great Kingdom of Biainili was quite certainly Armenian. The Armenian language was obviously the region's vernacular in the fifth century BC, when Persian commanders and Greek writers paired it with Phrygian. That it was brought into the region between the early sixth and the early fifth century BC, and that it immediately obliterated whatever else had been spoken there, can hardly be supposed; ... Because Proto-Armenian speakers seem to have lived not far from Hurrian speakers our conclusion must be that the Armenian language of Mesrop Mashtots was descended from an Indo--European language that had been spoken in southern Caucasia in the Bronze Age."
  11. ^ Hrach Martirosyan (2013). "The place of Armenian in the Indo-European language family: the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranian*" Leiden University. p. 85-86.
  12. ^ Petrosyan, Armen. "The Armenian Elements in the Language and Onomastics of Urartu." Aramazd: Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 2010. [1]
  13. ^ Redgate, Anne Elizabeth (2000). The Armenians. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-631-22037-4., p. 276.
  14. ^ Jacobson, Esther (1995). The Art of the Scythians: The Interpenetration of Cultures at the Edge of the Hellenic World. BRILL. p. 33. ISBN 9789004098565.
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference :6 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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