Urination

Manneken Pis depicts a urinating boy (puer mingens) in a standing position.

Jeanneke Pis portrays a girl squatting to urinate.

Urination is the release of urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. Urine is released through the urethra and exits the penis or vulva through the urinary meatus in placental mammals,^[1]^[2]^{: 38, 364} but is released through the cloaca in other vertebrates.^[3]^[1] It is the urinary system's form of excretion. It is also known medically as micturition,^[4] voiding, uresis, or, rarely, emiction, and known colloquially by various names including peeing, weeing, pissing, and euphemistically number one. The process of urination is under voluntary control in healthy humans and other animals, but may occur as a reflex in infants, some elderly individuals, and those with neurological injury. It is normal for adult humans to urinate up to seven times during the day.^[5]

In some animals, in addition to expelling waste material, urination can mark territory or express submissiveness. Physiologically, urination involves coordination between the central, autonomic, and somatic nervous systems. Brain centres that regulate urination include the pontine micturition center, periaqueductal gray, and the cerebral cortex.

^ ^a ^b Marvalee H. Wake (15 September 1992). Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. University of Chicago Press. p. 583. ISBN 978-0-226-87013-7. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
^ Roughgarden J (2004). Evolution's Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People. University of California Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-520-24073-5. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
^ Feder ME, Burggren WW (15 October 1992). Environmental Physiology of the Amphibians. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-23944-6.
^ Fry C (July 2006). "Micturition". Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine. 7 (7): 237–239. doi:10.1053/j.mpaic.2006.04.006.
^ Gormley EA, Lightner DJ, Burgio KL, Chai TC, Clemens JQ, Culkin DJ, Das AK, Foster HE, Scarpero HM, Tessier CD, Vasavada SP (December 2012). "Diagnosis and Treatment of Overactive Bladder (Non-Neurogenic) in Adults: AUA/SUFU Guideline". Journal of Urology. 188 (6S): 2455–2463. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2012.09.079. PMID 23098785.

[Wake1992-1] Marvalee H. Wake (15 September 1992). Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. University of Chicago Press. p. 583. ISBN 978-0-226-87013-7. Retrieved 6 May 2013.

[Roughgarden,_2004-2] Roughgarden J (2004). Evolution's Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People. University of California Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-520-24073-5. Retrieved 17 October 2013.

[3] Feder ME, Burggren WW (15 October 1992). Environmental Physiology of the Amphibians. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-23944-6.

[4] Fry C (July 2006). "Micturition". Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine. 7 (7): 237–239. doi:10.1053/j.mpaic.2006.04.006.

[AUA2014-5] Gormley EA, Lightner DJ, Burgio KL, Chai TC, Clemens JQ, Culkin DJ, Das AK, Foster HE, Scarpero HM, Tessier CD, Vasavada SP (December 2012). "Diagnosis and Treatment of Overactive Bladder (Non-Neurogenic) in Adults: AUA/SUFU Guideline". Journal of Urology. 188 (6S): 2455–2463. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2012.09.079. PMID 23098785.

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