War on terror

War on terror
Photographs, clockwise from top left: U.S. servicemen boarding an aircraft at Bagram Air Base, Afghanistan; explosion of an Iraqi car bomb in Baghdad; a U.S. soldier and Afghan interpreter in Zabul Province, Afghanistan; Tomahawk missiles being fired from the warships at ISIL targets in the city of Raqqa, Syria Map: Countries with major military operations of the war on terror.
Date Main phase: 14 September 2001[1] – 30 August 2021[note 1] (19 years, 11 months, 2 weeks and 2 days)[note 2] Location Globally, but mainly in the Middle East and Africa Status Major wars ended, ongoing in small operations[a]
Belligerents
Main countries:  United States  United Kingdom  Germany  Italy  Canada  Australia  New Zealand  Netherlands  Poland  Turkey	Main opponents: Al-Qaeda Islamic State Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (Taliban) Ba'athist Iraq Iraqi Ba'athist insurgents
Commanders and leaders
George W. Bush Barack Obama	Osama bin Laden X Ayman al-Zawahiri X Saddam Hussein
Casualties and losses
4.5–4.6 million+ people killed[note 3][b] (937,000+ direct deaths including 387,000+ civilians, 3.6–3.7 million indirect deaths)[note 4][c] At least 38 million people displaced[d]

The war on terror, officially the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT),^[3] is a global military campaign initiated by the United States following the September 11 attacks in 2001, and is the most recent global conflict spanning multiple wars. Some researchers and political scientists have argued that it replaced the Cold War.^[4][5]

The main targets of the campaign are militant Islamist movements such as al-Qaeda, Taliban and their allies. Other major targets included the Ba'athist regime in Iraq, which was deposed in an invasion in 2003, and various militant factions that fought during the ensuing insurgency. Following its territorial expansion in 2014, the Islamic State also emerged as a key adversary of the United States. Regarding al-Qaeda's recent status, then-Secretary of State Mike Pompeo stated in 2021, "Al-Qaeda has a new base of operations: it is the Islamic Republic of Iran."^[6] Al-Qaeda's de facto leader, Saif al-Adel, is currently believed to be living in Iran.^[7]

The "war on terror" uses war as a metaphor to describe a variety of actions which fall outside the traditional definition of war. U.S. president George W. Bush first used the term "war on terrorism" on 16 September 2001,^[8][9] and then "war on terror" a few days later in a formal speech to Congress.^[10][11] Bush indicated the enemy of the war on terror as "a radical network of terrorists and every government that supports them".^[11][12] The initial conflict was aimed at al-Qaeda, with the main theater in Afghanistan and Pakistan, a region that would later be referred to as "AfPak".^[13] The term "war on terror" was immediately criticized by individuals including Richard Myers, then chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and eventually more nuanced terms came to be used by the Bush administration to define the campaign.^[14] While "war on terror" was never used as a formal designation of U.S. operations,^[15] a Global War on Terrorism Service Medal was and is issued by the U.S. Armed Forces.

As of 2024, various global operations in the campaign are ongoing, including a U.S. military intervention in Somalia.^[16][17] Although the major wars in Afghanistan and Iraq have ended, the Israel–Hamas war and its spillover across the Middle East have led to renewed debate on whether a new phase of the war on terror had begun.^[18][19][20] According to the Costs of War Project, the post-9/11 wars of the campaign have displaced 38 million people, the second largest number of forced displacements of any conflict since 1900,^[21] and caused more than 4.5 million deaths (direct and indirect) in Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, Philippines, Pakistan, Somalia, Syria and Yemen. They also estimate that it has cost the US Treasury over $8 trillion.^{[22][23][24][2]}

While support for the "war on terror" was high among the American public during its initial years, it had become deeply unpopular by the late 2000s.^[25][26] Controversy over the war has focused on its morality, casualties, and continuity, with critics questioning government measures that infringed civil liberties and human rights.^[27] Critics have notably described the Patriot Act as "Orwellian" due to its substantial expansion of the federal government's surveillance powers.^[28][29] Controversial practices of coalition forces have been condemned, including drone warfare, surveillance, torture, extraordinary rendition and various war crimes.^[30][31][32] The participating governments have been criticized for implementing authoritarian measures, repressing minorities,^[33][34] fomenting Islamophobia globally,^[35] and causing negative impacts to health and environment.^[36][37][38] Security analysts assert that there is no military solution to the conflict, pointing out that terrorism is not an identifiable enemy, and have emphasized the importance of negotiations and political solutions to resolve the underlying roots of the crises.^[39]

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