Back Бели хора в Мексико Bulgarian Blankaj meksikanoj Esperanto Mexicanos blancos Spanish Mexicains blancs French Белое население Мексики Russian White Mexicans SIMPLE Beyaz Meksikalılar Turkish

White Mexicans

White Mexicans
Mexicanos blancos (Spanish)
Mexico
Total population
Mexico
52 million[1][2][3][4]
40% of the Mexican population
(weighted average of available sources)[3][2]
United States
16,794,111 (2010)[5]
White Mexican groups:
(Spaniards, Arabs, Italians, Germans, French, etc.)
Regions with significant populations
Mainly in Northern Mexico and in the Bajío, to a lesser extent in Mexico City
Languages
Majority: Spanish (Mexican Spanish)
Minority: German (Plautdietsch)[6]
Venetian (Chipilo Venetian)
Religion
Christianity (predominantly Roman Catholicism and minority Protestantism · Mormonism)
Related ethnic groups
Spaniards · Arabs · Italians · Germans[7] · Mestizo · Other White Latin Americans

White Mexicans (Spanish: Mexicanos blancos) are individuals in Mexico who identify as white, often due to their physical appearance or their recognition of European or West Asian ancestry.[8] The Mexican government conducts ethnic censuses that allow individuals to identify as "White,"[9] but the specific results of these censuses are not made public. Instead, the government releases data on the percentage of "light-skinned Mexicans" in the country, with nationwide surveys conducted by the Mexico's National Institute of Statistics and the National Council to Prevent Discrimination reporting results that range from 27%[10][11] to 47%.[3][12] The term "Light-skinned Mexican" is preferred by both the government and media to describe individuals in Mexico who possess European physical traits when discussing ethno-racial dynamics.[13] However, "White Mexican" is still used at times.[14][15][16][17][18][19]

Estimates of Mexico's White population vary significantly due to the different methodologies used. Unofficial sources such as the World Factbook or Latinobarómetro, suggest a white population of just 10%.[20][21] A 2005 study by a professor of the National Autonomous University of Mexico estimated said group at 15% using as base the results of the 1921 census which is admitted, may be inaccurate.[22][23] Other historians have also questioned the accuracy of the 1921 census' results,[24] with independent research in 2008 and 2010 also suggesting that Mexicans may not identify in the way the 1921 census indicate.[25][26] Other sources suggest higher percentages: Encyclopædia Britannica estimates them at around 30% of the population,[2] field surveys that use the presence of blond hair as a reference to classify a Mexican as White found that 23% of the Metropolitan Autonomous University of Mexico population could be classified as such,[27] the American Sociological Association obtained a nationwide percentage of 18.8% using the same method.[28] Another study conducted by the University College London in collaboration with National Institute of Anthropology and History found that 18% of Mexicans had blond hair and 28% had light eyes.[29]

The presence of Europeans in Mexico dates back to the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, and during the colonial period, most European immigration was Spanish. However, in the 19th and 20th centuries, significant waves of European and European-derived populations from North and South America immigrated to Mexico. This intermixing between European immigrants and Indigenous peoples resulted in the emergence of the Mestizo group, which became the majority of Mexico's population by the time of the Mexican Revolution.[8] Some scholars challenge this narrative, citing church and census records that indicate interracial unions in Mexico were rare among all groups.[30][31] These records also dispute other academic narratives, such as the idea that European immigrants were predominantly male or that "pure Spanish" individuals formed a small elite. In fact, Spaniards were often the most numerous ethnic group in colonial cities[32][33] and there were menial workers and people in poverty who were of full Spanish origin.[31]

While genetic evidence suggests that most European immigrants to Mexico were male, and that the modern population of Mexico was primarily formed through the mixing of Spanish males and Native American females,[34][35][36][37] how pronounced said gender asymmetry was varies considerably depending on the study. The Native American maternal contribution figures range from 90% to 59%,[38] while research on the X chromosome shows less variation, with the reported Native American female contribution oscillating between 50%[39] and 54%.[40] Present day Mestizos have varying degrees of European and Indigenous ancestry, with some having European genetic ancestry exceeding 90%,[39] albeit after the Mexican Revolution the government began defining ethnicity on cultural standards (mainly the language spoken) rather than racial or phenotypic ones, which led to a large number of White persons to be classified as Mestizos.[41]

  1. ^ "Resultados del Modulo de Movilidad Social Intergeneracional" Archived July 9, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, INEGI, June 16, 2017, Retrieved on April 30, 2018.
  2. ^ a b c Ethnic composition (2010): Approximately two fifths"Mexico: Ethnic groups". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
  3. ^ a b c "21 de Marzo: Día Internacional de la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial" [March 21: International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination] (PDF) (in Spanish). Mexico: CONAPRED. 2017. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2017. In the page 7 of the press release, the council reported that 53.5% of Mexican women and 39.4% of Mexican men identified with the lightest skin colors used in the census questionary, CONAPRED, Mexico, March 21. Retrieved on April 28, 2017.
  4. ^ "Encuesta Nacional Sobre Discriminación en Mexico 2010" [National Survey on Discrimination in Mexico 2010] (PDF) (in Spanish). Mexico: CONAPRED. June 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
  5. ^ Ennis, Sharon R.; Rios-Vargas, Merarys; ALbert, Nora G. (May 2011). 2010 Census (PDF) (Report). U.S. Census Bureau. p. 14 (Table 6). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 27, 2018. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
  6. ^ "Plautdietsch in Mexico" (PDF). europeanpeoples.imb.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 6, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
  7. ^ Includes Poles: Wojciech Tyciński, Krzysztof Sawicki, Departament Współpracy z Polonią MSZ (Warsaw, 2009). "Raport o sytuacji Polonii i Polaków za granicą (The official report on the situation of Poles and Polonia abroad)" (PDF file, direct download 1.44 MB). Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland), pp. 1–466. Retrieved June 14, 2013 (Internet Archive).
  8. ^ a b Navarrete, Federico. "El mestizaje y las culturas" [Mixed race and cultures]. México Multicultural (in Spanish). UNAM. Archived from the original on August 23, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
  9. ^ "Resultados del Modulo de Movilidad Social Intergeneracional" Archived July 9, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, INEGI, June 16, 2017, Retrieved on April 30, 2018.
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference ENADIS2017-1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ "Encuesta Nacional sobre Discriminación (ENADIS) 2022". www.inegi.org.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved April 2, 2024.
  12. ^ "Visión INEGI 2021 Dr. Julio Santaella Castell" Archived January 21, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, INEGI, July 3, 2017, Retrieved on April 30, 2018.
  13. ^ "Documento Informativo Sobre Discriminación Racial En México" Archived May 25, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, CONAPRED, Mexico, March 21, 2011, retrieved on April 28, 2017.
  14. ^ "Por estas razones el color de piel determina las oportunidades de los mexicanos" Archived June 22, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, Huffington post, July 26, 2017, Retrieved on April 30, 2018.
  15. ^ "Ser Blanco" Archived June 19, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, El Universal, July 6, 2017, Retrieved on June 19, 2018.
  16. ^ "Comprobado con datos: en México te va mejor si eres blanco" Archived November 5, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, forbes, August 7, 2018, Retrieved on November 4, 2018.
  17. ^ "¿Seras racista? Causa polémica su nueva campaña de publicidad" Archived July 21, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Economiahoy.mx, March 5, 2020, Retrieved on July 21, 2020.
  18. ^ "Critican series mexicanas de Netflix por sólo tener personajes blancos" Archived April 19, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, Tomatazos.com, 23 mayo 2020, consultado el 19 de diciembre de 2020.
  19. ^ "Resultados de vida y color de piel en México", Biblioteca del senado de México, July 3, 2017, Retrieved on December 30, 2018.
  20. ^ "The World Factbook: North America: Mexico: People and Society". The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2017. other 10% (mostly European)
  21. ^ "latinobarometro : latinobarometro : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming". Internet Archive. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
  22. ^ Lizcano, Francisco (2005). "Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 20, 2008.
  23. ^ "Latinobarómetro".
  24. ^ Cite error: The named reference MexicoRacista1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  25. ^ R. Martínez & C. De La Torre (2008): "Racial Appearance And Income In Contemporary Mexico, pag 9 note 1" Archived August 6, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, Journal of Diversity Management, 2008, Retrieved April 1, 2021.
  26. ^ Cite error: The named reference Schwartz-Marín & Silva-Zolezzi 2010 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  27. ^ Ortiz-Hernández, Luis; Compeán-Dardón, Sandra; Verde-Flota, Elizabeth; Flores-Martínez, Maricela Nanet (April 2011). "Racism and mental health among university students in Mexico City". Salud Pública de México. 53 (2): 125–133. doi:10.1590/s0036-36342011000200005. ISSN 0036-3634. PMID 21537803.
  28. ^ Villarreal, Andrés (2010). "Stratification by Skin Color in Contemporary Mexico". American Sociological Review. 75 (5): 652–678. doi:10.1177/0003122410378232. JSTOR 20799484. S2CID 145295212.
  29. ^ "Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals" table 1 Archived May 25, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Plosgenetics, September 25, 2014. Retrieved on May 9, 2017.
  30. ^ Federico Navarrete 2016, pp. 109–110: "To make matters worse, the few Germans, Italians and other Europeans who did reach our shores also did not mix in large numbers with the Mexican population, and even less so with the indigenous people, whom they were supposed to make disappear with the superior powers of Mexico: its race. In fact, they founded regional enclaves where they married preferentially among themselves, as the Creoles and the indigenous had traditionally done. The historian Moisés González Navarro studied the population censuses of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, which allow us to know more accurately the behavior of the population than in previous periods. Contrary to what the mestizaje legend would have us believe, he found that informal marriages and unions between white men and indigenous women, or any other combination, hardly existed.2"
  31. ^ a b San Miguel, G. (November 2000). "Ser mestizo en la nueva España a fines del siglo XVIII: Acatzingo, 1792" [To be 'mestizo' in New Spain at the end of the XVIII th century. Acatzingo, 1792]. Cuadernos de la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy (in Spanish) (13): 325–342. Archived from the original on October 23, 2020. Retrieved July 1, 2017.
  32. ^ Sherburne Friend Cook; Woodrow Borah (1998). Ensayos sobre historia de la población. México y el Caribe 2. Siglo XXI. p. 223. ISBN 9789682301063. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
  33. ^ "Household Mobility and Persistence in Guadalajara, Mexico: 1811–1842, page 62" Archived December 10, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, fsu org, December 8, 2016. Retrieved on December 9, 2018.
  34. ^ Bonilla, C.; Parra, E. J.; Pfaff, C. L.; Dios, S.; Marshall, J. A.; Hamman, R. F.; Ferrell, R. E.; Hoggart, C. L.; McKeigue, P. M.; Shriver, M. D. (March 2004). "Admixture in the Hispanics of the San Luis Valley, Colorado, and its implications for complex trait gene mapping". Annals of Human Genetics. 68 (Pt 2): 139–153. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00084.x. hdl:2027.42/65937. ISSN 0003-4800. PMID 15008793. S2CID 13702953. Archived from the original on October 3, 2022. Retrieved October 3, 2022. "Both studies have revealed a pattern of directional mating in this population, an asymmetric interaction between Spanish males and Native American females, much like in other Hispanic populations of Latin America (Green et al. 2000; Carvajal-Carmona et al. 2000, 2003; Rodriguez-Delfin et al. 2001). During the conquest and colonization of America the immigration of women from the Iberian Peninsula was significantly lower than that of men, so European males frequently took native women as wives or partners (Morner, 1967). After the initial directional contact between European and Native American populations it seems likely that the admixed group became mostly endogamic, which would explain the high levels of Native American mtDNA (Merriwether et al. 1997)."
  35. ^ Wheelwright, Jeff (January 16, 2012). The Wandering Gene and the Indian Princess: Race, Religion, and DNA. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-393-08342-2. "The Hispanos generally resemble other Hispanic and Mexican-American groups while having a somewhat higher proportion of European blood than the rest. Genetics research has also confirmed the harshly one-sided nature of the admixture. By paying special attention to the Y-chromosome and the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), scientists proved that the genetic exchange in the early years of New Mexico was almost entirely between Spanish males and Indian females." [...] "The Y chromosome of Hispano men is hardly Native American at all, while their mtDNA is about 85 percent Indian. Again, the former represents fatherhood, the latter motherhood. The skew between the two means that mating happened in one direction. It means that Indian men and Spanish women were largely on the sidelines when the admixture between Spanish men and Indian women occurred."
  36. ^ Suarez-Kurtz, Dr G. (August 3, 2007). Pharmacogenomics in Admixed Populations. CRC Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-4987-1379-5. "In Mexico, approximately 90% of the maternal lineages are of Native American ancestry, implying that there has been very little European female contribution throughout colonial and post-colonial history."
  37. ^ Kumar, Satish; Bellis, Claire; Zlojutro, Mark; Melton, Phillip E.; Blangero, John; Curran, Joanne E. (October 7, 2011). "Large scale mitochondrial sequencing in Mexican Americans suggests a reappraisal of Native American origins". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11 (1): 293. Bibcode:2011BMCEE..11..293K. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-293. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 3217880. PMID 21978175. "Thus the observed frequency of Native American mtDNA in Mexican/Mexican Americans is higher than was expected on the basis of autosomal estimates of Native American admixture for these populations i.e. ~ 30-46% [53, 55]. The difference is indicative of directional mating involving preferentially immigrant men and Native American women. This type of genetic asymmetry has been observed in other populations, including Brazilian individuals of African ancestry, as the analysis of sex specific and autosomal markers has revealed evidence for substantial European admixture that was mediated mostly through men [56]."
  38. ^ Campos-Sanchez et al. (2006): "Genetic structure analysis of three Hispanic populations from Costa Rica, Mexico, and the southwestern United States using Y-chromosome STR markers and mtDNA sequences" Archived October 4, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, Pubmed, 2006, Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  39. ^ a b Wang, Sijia; Ray, Nicolas; Rojas, Winston; Parra, Maria V.; et al. (March 21, 2008). "Geographic Patterns of Genome Admixture in Latin American Mestizos". PLOS Genetics. 4 (3): e1000037. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000037. PMC 2265669. PMID 18369456.
  40. ^ Price, Alkes L.; Patterson, Nick; Yu, Fuli; Cox, David R.; et al. (June 2007). "A Genomewide Admixture Map for Latino Populations". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 80 (6): 1024–1036. doi:10.1086/518313. PMC 1867092. PMID 17503322. "Results are reported in table 2 and indicate higher total Native American ancestry for LA Latinos and Mexicans (45% and 44%, respectively) than for Brazilians and Colombians (18% and 19%, respectively), which is in line with previous studies.21,22 We also observed uniformly higher Native American ancestry on the X chromosome (57% for LA Latinos, 54% for Mexicans, 33% for Brazilians, and 27% for Colombians), which is consistent with evidence of predominantly European patrilineal and Native American matrilineal ancestry in Latino populations.22"
  41. ^ Lizcano Fernández, Francisco (August 2005). "Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI" [Ethnic Composition of the Three Cultural Areas of the American Continent at the Beginning of the XXI Century]. Convergencia (in Spanish). 12 (38): 196. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved November 18, 2020.

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