Writers of the Guru Granth Sahib

The Guru Granth Sahib (Punjabi: ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ; [ɡʊɾuː ɡɾəntʰᵊ saːhɪbᵊ]), is the central religious text of Sikhism, considered by Sikhs to be the final sovereign Guru of the religion.^[1] It contains 1430 Angs (limbs, referring to pages of the scripture^[2]), containing 5,894^[3]^[4]^[5] hymns of 36 saint mystics which includes Sikh gurus (6 gurus, possibly as many as 7 or 8^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]), Bhagats (15 bhagats), Bhatts (11 bhatts) and Gursikhs (4 gursikhs).^[10] It is notable among foundational religious scriptures for including hymns from writers of other religions, namely Hindus and Muslims. It also contains teachings of the Sikh gurus themselves.

^ Keene, Michael (2003). Online Worksheets. Nelson Thornes. p. 38. ISBN 0-7487-7159-X.
^ Howard, Veena R. (2017). Dharma: The Hindu, Jain, Buddhist and Sikh Traditions of India. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 219. ISBN 9781786732125.
^ Cite error: The named reference kapoor was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference brown114 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Singh, Prithi Pal (2006). The History of Sikh Gurus. New Delhi: Lotus Press. pp. 170–171. ISBN 978-81-8382-075-2.
^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Singh, Anurag (December 2018). "Punjab: Cradle of Indian Civilization and Khalsa of Guru Gobind Singh" (PDF). Gyankosh: An Interdisciplinary e-Journal. 1: 29.
^ Singh, Pashaura. "Fearlessness and human justice: Exploring Guru Tegh Bahadur’s teachings and sacrifice from a fresh perspective." Sikh Formations 17.4 (2021): 409-434.
^ Datta, Amaresh (1987). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo, Volume 1. Sahitya Akademi. p. 79. ISBN 9788126018031. Another fact, inattention to which has been making the unwary commit serious mistakes about the authorship of the Guru-compositions is that all the six Gurus whose works are preserved in the Adi Granth, use Nanak as their nom-de-plume. The category 'A' consists of the works of six Gurus, whose names are Nanak (1469–1539), Angad (1504–1552), Amar Das (1479–1574), Ram Das (1534–1581), Arjan Dev (1563–1606) and Tegh Bahadur (1621–1675). Category 'B', comprises the Bhagats, namely, Kabir (Muslim weaver of Kashi, 1398–1495); Namdev (Calico-printer of Maharashtra; 1270–1350); Ravidas (leather-worker of Kashi, 1267–1335); Sheikh Farid (Muslim of West-Punjab, Pakistan; 1178–1271); Beni (not known); Dhana (Jat peasant of Rajasthan, b. 1415); Jaideva (Brahman of Bengal, 1201–1245); Bhikhan (Muslim of U.P. 1480–1573); Parmanand (Maharashtra, date not known), Sain (Barber from Rajasthan, 14th–15th centuries), Pipa (Rajasthan; b. 1425); Sadhana (Muslim of Sindh, Pakistan; date not known), Ramanand (Brahmin of U.P., 1366–1467) and Surdas (Brahmin of U.P., b. 1258). In category 'C' may be included the panegyrists, namely, Balwand, Kal or Kalashar, Jalap, Kirat, Bhikha, Salya, Bhalya, Nalya, Gayand, Mathura, Balya and Haribans-all Bhatts and one Dum, namely Satta, who shares the authorship of a Var with Balwand, the Bhatt. The Bhatts have written panegyrical verses in honour of the first five Gurus. Two Salokas (Adi Granth 553) of Gura Nanak in Raga Bihag are found in the name of Mardana (Musician of West Punjab 1459-1534)–Guru Nanak's companion in his odysseys.

[ke-1] Keene, Michael (2003). Online Worksheets. Nelson Thornes. p. 38. ISBN 0-7487-7159-X.

[2] Howard, Veena R. (2017). Dharma: The Hindu, Jain, Buddhist and Sikh Traditions of India. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 219. ISBN 9781786732125.

[kapoor-3] Cite error: The named reference kapoor was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[brown114-4] Cite error: The named reference brown114 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[:5-5] Singh, Prithi Pal (2006). The History of Sikh Gurus. New Delhi: Lotus Press. pp. 170–171. ISBN 978-81-8382-075-2.

[:0-6] Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[:1-7] Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[:2-8] Singh, Anurag (December 2018). "Punjab: Cradle of Indian Civilization and Khalsa of Guru Gobind Singh" (PDF). Gyankosh: An Interdisciplinary e-Journal. 1: 29.

[:3-9] Singh, Pashaura. "Fearlessness and human justice: Exploring Guru Tegh Bahadur’s teachings and sacrifice from a fresh perspective." Sikh Formations 17.4 (2021): 409-434.

[:6-10] Datta, Amaresh (1987). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo, Volume 1. Sahitya Akademi. p. 79. ISBN 9788126018031. Another fact, inattention to which has been making the unwary commit serious mistakes about the authorship of the Guru-compositions is that all the six Gurus whose works are preserved in the Adi Granth, use Nanak as their nom-de-plume. The category 'A' consists of the works of six Gurus, whose names are Nanak (1469–1539), Angad (1504–1552), Amar Das (1479–1574), Ram Das (1534–1581), Arjan Dev (1563–1606) and Tegh Bahadur (1621–1675). Category 'B', comprises the Bhagats, namely, Kabir (Muslim weaver of Kashi, 1398–1495); Namdev (Calico-printer of Maharashtra; 1270–1350); Ravidas (leather-worker of Kashi, 1267–1335); Sheikh Farid (Muslim of West-Punjab, Pakistan; 1178–1271); Beni (not known); Dhana (Jat peasant of Rajasthan, b. 1415); Jaideva (Brahman of Bengal, 1201–1245); Bhikhan (Muslim of U.P. 1480–1573); Parmanand (Maharashtra, date not known), Sain (Barber from Rajasthan, 14th–15th centuries), Pipa (Rajasthan; b. 1425); Sadhana (Muslim of Sindh, Pakistan; date not known), Ramanand (Brahmin of U.P., 1366–1467) and Surdas (Brahmin of U.P., b. 1258). In category 'C' may be included the panegyrists, namely, Balwand, Kal or Kalashar, Jalap, Kirat, Bhikha, Salya, Bhalya, Nalya, Gayand, Mathura, Balya and Haribans-all Bhatts and one Dum, namely Satta, who shares the authorship of a Var with Balwand, the Bhatt. The Bhatts have written panegyrical verses in honour of the first five Gurus. Two Salokas (Adi Granth 553) of Gura Nanak in Raga Bihag are found in the name of Mardana (Musician of West Punjab 1459-1534)–Guru Nanak's companion in his odysseys.

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