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Xenoestrogen

Xenoestrogens are a type of xenohormone that imitates estrogen. They can be either synthetic or natural chemical compounds. Synthetic xenoestrogens include some widely used industrial compounds, such as PCBs, BPA, and phthalates, which have estrogenic effects on a living organism even though they differ chemically from the estrogenic substances produced internally by the endocrine system of any organism. Natural xenoestrogens include phytoestrogens which are plant-derived xenoestrogens. Because the primary route of exposure to these compounds is by consumption of phytoestrogenic plants, they are sometimes called "dietary estrogens". Mycoestrogens, estrogenic substances from fungi, are another type of xenoestrogen that are also considered mycotoxins.[1][2]

Xenoestrogens are clinically significant because they can mimic the effects of endogenous estrogen and thus have been implicated in precocious puberty and other disorders of the reproductive system.[3][4]

Xenoestrogens include pharmacological estrogens (in which estrogenic action is an intended effect, as in the drug ethinylestradiol used in contraceptive pills), but other chemicals may also have estrogenic effects. Xenoestrogens have been introduced into the environment by industrial, agricultural and chemical companies and consumers only in the last 70 years or so, but archiestrogens exist naturally. Some plants (like the cereals and the legumes) are using estrogenic substances possibly as part of their natural defence against herbivore animals by controlling their fertility.[5][6]

The potential ecological and human health impact of xenoestrogens is of growing concern.[7] The word xenoestrogen is derived from the Greek words ξένο (xeno, meaning foreign), οἶστρος (estrus, meaning sexual desire) and γόνο (gene, meaning "to generate") and literally means "foreign estrogen". Xenoestrogens are also called "environmental hormones" or "EDC" (Endocrine Disrupting Compounds, or Endocrine disruptor for short). Most scientists that study xenoestrogens, including The Endocrine Society, regard them as serious environmental hazards that have hormone disruptive effects on both wildlife and humans.[8][9][10][11][12]

  1. ^ Paterni I, Granchi C, Minutolo F (November 2017). "Risks and benefits related to alimentary exposure to xenoestrogens". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 57 (16): 3384–3404. doi:10.1080/10408398.2015.1126547. PMC 6104637. PMID 26744831.
  2. ^ Wang X, Ha D, Yoshitake R, Chan YS, Sadava D, Chen S (August 2021). "Exploring the Biological Activity and Mechanism of Xenoestrogens and Phytoestrogens in Cancers: Emerging Methods and Concepts". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22 (16): 8798. doi:10.3390/ijms22168798. PMC 8395949. PMID 34445499.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference Aksglaede_2006 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference Herman-Giddens_1997 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Hughes CL (June 1988). "Phytochemical mimicry of reproductive hormones and modulation of herbivore fertility by phytoestrogens". Environmental Health Perspectives. 78: 171–174. doi:10.1289/ehp.8878171. PMC 1474615. PMID 3203635.
  6. ^ Bentley GR, Mascie-Taylor CG (November 2000). "Wild-life studies". Infertility in the modern world: present and future prospects. Cambridge University Press. pp. 99–100. ISBN 978-0-521-64387-0.
  7. ^ Korach KS (1998). Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology. Marcel Dekker Ltd. pp. 278–279, 294–295. ISBN 978-0-8247-9857-4.
  8. ^ Bern HA, Blair P, Brasseur S, Colborn T, Cunha GR, Davis W, et al. (1992). "Statement from the Work Session on Chemically-Induced Alterations in Sexual Development: The Wildlife/Human Connection" (PDF). In Clement C, Colborn T (eds.). Chemically-induced alterations in sexual and functional development -- the wildlife/human connection. Princeton, N.J: Princeton Scientific Pub. Co. pp. 1–8. ISBN 978-0-911131-35-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-24. Retrieved 2010-11-16.
  9. ^ Colborn T (May 1995). "Statement from the Work Session on Environmentally induced Alterations in Development: A Focus on Wildlife". Environmental Health Perspectives. 103 (Suppl 4): 3–5. doi:10.2307/3432404. JSTOR 3432404. PMC 1519268. PMID 17539108.
  10. ^ Benson WH, Bern HA, Bue B, Colborn T, Cook P, Davis WP, et al. (1997). "Statement from the work session on chemically induced alterations in functional development and reproduction of fishes". In Rolland RM, Gilbertson M, Peterson RE (eds.). Chemically Induced Alterations in Functional Development and Reproduction of Fishes. Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemist. pp. 3–8. ISBN 978-1-880611-19-7.
  11. ^ "Statement from the work session on environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals: neural, endocrine, and behavioral effects". Toxicology and Industrial Health. 14 (1–2): 1–8. 1998. Bibcode:1998ToxIH..14....1.. doi:10.1177/074823379801400103. PMID 9460166. S2CID 45902764.
  12. ^ Brock J, Colborn T, Cooper R, Craine DA, Dodson SF, Garry VF, et al. (1999). "Statement from the Work Session on Health Effects of Contemporary-Use Pesticides: the Wildlife / Human Connection". Toxicol Ind Health. 15 (1–2): 1–5. Bibcode:1999ToxIH..15....1.. doi:10.1191/074823399678846547.

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