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Yugoslavia

This article is about the country that existed until 1992. For the self-proclaimed successor state, called "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" until 2003, see Serbia and Montenegro.
For other uses, see Yugoslavia (disambiguation).

Yugoslavia
Jugoslavija
Југославија
1918–1992
1941–1945: Axis occupation
Anthem: 
"National Anthem of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia" (1919–1941)
"Hey, Slavs" (1945–1992)
Yugoslavia during the Interwar period (top) and the Cold War (bottom)
Yugoslavia during the Interwar period (top) and the Cold War (bottom)
Capital
and largest city
Belgrade
44°49′N 20°27′E / 44.817°N 20.450°E / 44.817; 20.450
Official languagesSerbo-Croato-Slovene (before 1944)
Serbo-Croatian (de facto; from 1944)
Demonym(s)Yugoslav
GovernmentHereditary monarchy
(1918–1941)
Federal republic
(1945–1992)
Details
History 
• Creation
1 December 1918
6 April 1941
24 October 1945
29 November 1945
27 April 1992
Population
• 1955
17,522,438[1]
• 1965
19,489,605[2]
• 1975
21,441,297[3]
• 1985
23,121,383[4]
• 1991
23,532,279[5]
CurrencyYugoslav dinar
Calling code38
Internet TLD.yu
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Serbia
Montenegro
State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
Austria-Hungary
Fiume
Croatia
Slovenia
Macedonia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

Yugoslavia (/ˌjuːɡoʊˈslɑːviə/; lit. 'Land of the South Slavs')[a] was a country in Southeast and Central Europe that existed from 1918 to 1992. It came into existence following World War I,[b] under the name of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes from the merger of the Kingdom of Serbia with the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, and constituted the first union of South Slavic peoples as a sovereign state, following centuries of foreign rule over the region under the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy. Peter I of Serbia was its first sovereign. The kingdom gained international recognition on 13 July 1922 at the Conference of Ambassadors in Paris.[7] The official name of the state was changed to Kingdom of Yugoslavia on 3 October 1929.

The kingdom was invaded and occupied by the Axis powers in April 1941. In 1943, Democratic Federal Yugoslavia was proclaimed by the Partisan resistance. In 1944, King Peter II, then living in exile, recognised it as the legitimate government. After a communist government was elected in November 1945, the monarchy was abolished, and the country was renamed the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia. It acquired the territories of Istria, Rijeka, and Zadar from Italy. Partisan leader Josip Broz Tito ruled the country from 1944 as prime minister and later as president until his death in 1980. In 1963, the country was renamed for the final time, as the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY).

The six constituent republics that made up the SFRY were the socialist republics of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia. Within Serbia were the two socialist autonomous provinces, Kosovo and Vojvodina, which following the adoption of 1974 Yugoslav Constitution were largely equal to the other members of the federation.[8][9] After an economic and political crisis and the rise of nationalism and ethnic conflicts following Tito's death in 1980, Yugoslavia broke up along its republics' borders, at first into five countries, leading to the Yugoslav Wars. From 1993 to 2017, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia tried political and military leaders from the former Yugoslavia for war crimes, genocide, and other crimes committed during those wars.

After the breakup, the republics of Montenegro and Serbia formed a reduced federative state, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY). This state aspired to the status of sole legal successor to the SFRY, but those claims were opposed by the other former republics. Eventually, it accepted the opinion of the Badinter Arbitration Committee about shared succession[10] and in 2003 its official name was changed to Serbia and Montenegro. This state dissolved when Montenegro and Serbia each became independent states in 2006, with Kosovo having an ongoing dispute over its declaration of independence in 2008.

  1. ^ "Statistical yearbook of Yugoslavia, 1955" (PDF). publikacije.stat.gov.rs. Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia Federal Statistical Office.
  2. ^ "Statistical yearbook of Yugoslavia, 1965" (PDF). publikacije.stat.gov.rs. Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia Federal Statistical Office.
  3. ^ "Statistical yearbook of Yugoslavia, 1975" (PDF). publikacije.stat.gov.rs. Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia Federal Statistical Office.
  4. ^ "Statistical yearbook of Yugoslavia, 1985" (PDF). publikacije.stat.gov.rs. Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia Federal Statistical Office.
  5. ^ "Statistical yearbook of Yugoslavia, 1991" (PDF). publikacije.stat.gov.rs. Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia Federal Statistical Office.
  6. ^ Spencer Tucker. Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social, and Military History. Santa Barbara, California, US: ABC-CLIO, 2005. Pp. 1189.
  7. ^ "orderofdanilo.org". Archived from the original on 16 May 2009.
  8. ^ Huntington, Samuel P. (1996). The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order. Simon & Schuster. p. 260. ISBN 978-0-684-84441-1.
  9. ^ "History, bloody history". BBC News. 24 March 1999. Archived from the original on 25 January 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
  10. ^ "FR Yugoslavia Investment Profile 2001" (PDF). EBRD Country Promotion Programme. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2011.


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