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Zhonghua minzu

This article is about the modern concept of a Chinese nation. For the general concept of peoples relating to China, see Chinese people. For the dominant Chinese ethnic group, see Han Chinese. For a list of ethnicities in modern China, see List of ethnic groups in China. For a list of ethnicities in historical China, see Ethnic groups in Chinese history.
For other uses, see Chinese nationality.

Zhonghua minzu
Traditional Chinese中華民族
Simplified Chinese中华民族
Literal meaningChinese nation[note 1]
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhōnghuá mínzú
Bopomofoㄓㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄗㄨˊ
Gwoyeu RomatzyhJonghwa Mintzwu
Wade–GilesChung1-hua2 min2-tsu2
Tongyong PinyinJhong-huá Mín-zú
IPA[ʈʂʊ́ŋ.xwǎ mǐn.tsǔ]
Wu
Romanizationtson平 gho平 min平 zoh入
Gan
RomanizationZung1 fa4 min4 zuk6
Hakka
Romanizationzhung24 fa11 min11 zuk5
Yue: Cantonese
JyutpingZung1-waa4 man4 zuk6
IPA[tsʊŋ˥ wa˩ mɐn˩ tsʊk̚˨]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJTiong-hôa bîn-cho̍k
Expressions of Zhonghua Minzu
Chinese national flag during the early Republican period, with five colors representing the union of five races
Chinese national flag during the early Republican period, with five colors representing the union of five races[note 2]
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Names of China
  • 神州
    • Divine land

Zhonghua minzu (Chinese: 中華民族; pinyin: Zhōnghuá mínzú; Wade–Giles: Chung1-hua2 min2-tsu2) is a political term in modern Chinese nationalism related to the concepts of nation-building, ethnicity, and race in the Chinese nationality.[4][5][6][7][8]

Zhonghua minzu was established during the early Beiyang (1912–1927) periods to include Han people and four major non-Han ethnic groups: the Manchus, Mongols, Hui, and Tibetans,[9][10] under the notion of a republic of five races (Wǔzú gònghé). Conversely, Sun Yat-sen and the Kuomintang (KMT) envisioned it as a unified composite of Han and non-Han people.[11][non-primary source needed] It is slightly different from the word Hanzu (Chinese: 漢族; pinyin: Hànzú; Wade–Giles: Han4-tsu2), a word is only used to refer to the Han Chinese.

Zhonghua minzu was initially rejected in the People's Republic of China (PRC) but resurrected after the death of Mao Zedong to include Han Chinese alongside 55 other ethnic groups as a collective Chinese family.[4][7] Since the late 1980s, the most fundamental change of the PRC's nationalities and minorities policies is the renaming from Zhongguo renmin (中国人民; 'the Chinese people') to Zhonghua minzu (中华民族; 'the Chinese nation'), signalling a shift away from a multinational communist people's statehood of China to one multi-ethnic Chinese nation state with one single Chinese national identity.[8]

Woman wearing a cheongsam or qipao, a typical ethnic fusion dress of Manchu origin absorbing Han and Mongol styles.
  1. ^ State and Society in 21st Century China: Crisis, Contention and Legitimation. Psychology Press. 2004. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-415-33204-0. ... however, the CCP's nationalist claims are increasingly falling on deaf ears. Popular nationalists like Jin Hui now speak regularly of the "Motherland" (zuguo) and the "Chinese race" (Zhonghua minzu) - without reference to the Party. And they care so deeply
  2. ^ Anderlini, Jamil (21 June 2017). "The dark side of China's national renewal". Financial Times. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  3. ^ David Tobin (October 2022). Securing China's Northwest Frontier: Identity and Insecurity in Xinjiang. Cambridge University Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-1-108-48840-2. Repeated use of what should now be translated as 'Chinese race, (Zhonghua Minzu 中华民族), alongside omission of ethnic minorities in official narratives ...
  4. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference LandisAlbert2012 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference Zhao2000 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Zhou, Wenjiu; Zhang (2007). 关于"中华民族是一个"学术论辩的考察 [On the academic argument that "the Chinese nation is one"]. Minzu Yanjiu (in Chinese). 3: 20–29. Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019 – via d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/mzyj200703003.
  7. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Lawrance2004 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference BloxhamMoses2010 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference Fitzgerald1995 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Blum, Susan Debra; Jensen, Lionel M. (2002). China Off Center: Mapping the Margins of the Middle Kingdom. University of Hawaiʻi Press. pp. 170–. ISBN 978-0-8248-2577-5. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
  11. ^ Sun, Yat-sen (1994) [Speech from 1919]. "3.5 The Three Principles of the People [San-min chu-i]". In Wei, Julie Lee; Myers, Ramon H.; Gillin, Donald G. (eds.). Prescriptions for saving China: Selected writings of Sun Yat-sen. Translated by Wei, Julie Lee; Zen, E-su; Chao, Linda. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press. pp. 223–225. ISBN 0-8179-9281-2.


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