Arabiar zifrak —hindu zifrak,[1][2]hindu-arabiar zifrak[2][3] eta indo-arabiar zifrak[4] izenez ere ezagunak— zenbakizko hamar digituak dira (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9). Antzinako Indiako matematikariek garatu zuten hindu-arabiar zenbaki sistematik eratorriak dira;[5] sistema horretan, digituen sekuentzia bat (adibidez: 975) zenbaki bakartzat irakurtzen da. Tradizioak dio arabiar matematikariek eta persiar musulmanek indiar zifrak hartu zituztela Indian, eta mendebalderagoko arabiarrei pasatu zizkietela.
↑Thorndike, Edward (2008): The Thorndike Arithmetics, Book One, BiblioBazaar, LLC, 102. orrialdea. ISBN 9780559242625 «1,2,3,4,5,6, etc., are called Arabic numerals or Hindu numerals.»
↑ abSchipp, Bernhard; Krämer, Walter (2008): Statistical Inference, Econometric Analysis and Matrix Algebra: Festschrift in Honour of Götz Trenkler, Springer, 387. orrialdea. ISBN 9783790821208
↑Lumpkin, Beatrice; Strong, Dorothy (1995): Multicultural science and math connections: middle school projects and activities, Walch Publishing, 118. orrialdea. ISBN 9780825126598
↑Fenna, Donald (2002): A Dictionary of Weights, Measures, and Units, Oxford University Press, New York, 90. eta 202. orrialdeak. ISBN 978-0198605225 «Fibonacci, in a book of 1202, brought the Indo-Arabic numerals, with their zero cypher and decimal point, into European culture.» «... these characters are more appropriately called at least Indo-Arabic numerals.»
↑Bulliet, Richard; Crossley, Pamela; Headrick, Daniel; Hirsch, Steven; Johnson, Lyman (2010): The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History, Volume 1, Cengage Learning, 192. orrialdea. ISBN 1439084742 «Indian mathematicians invented the concept of zero and developed the "Arabic" numerals and system of place-value notation used in most parts of the world today»