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Sozialismo libertario

Sozialismo libertario
Sozialismo motak

Sozialismo libertarioa[1] ekoizpen-bideen sozializazioa bultzatzen duen ideologia politikoen multzo bat da, hau da, jabetza pribatuaren desjabetzea eta kolektibizazioa, eta ekoizpenaren norabidea — zer ekoitzi eta zer ez ekoitzi — langile-batzarren bidez erabakitzen dena.[2] Ideologia hauek estatu-sozialismotik[3] bereizten dira, zeinean ondasun produktiboen (estatuaren kontrolaren alde egin beharrean) langileen kontrolaren alde egiten duten. Beste sozialismo modu batzuek bezala kapitalismoa arbuiatzen dute.

Sozialismo libertarioa, [4] anarkosozialismoa [5] sozialismo anarkista, [6] sozialismo askea, [7] estaturik gabeko sozialismoa, eta [8] anarkismo sozialista [9] moduan ere izendatua, [10] [11] antiautoritarioa, estatuaren aurka dagoen[12] [13] filosofia politiko libertarioa da. Mugimendu sozialistaren parte da, Estatu-sozialismoa arbuiatzen duela, zeinean Estatuak ekonomiaren kontrol zentralizatua mantentzen baitu, printzipio libertarioen aurka eginez.[14]

Sozialista libertarioek lantokiko soldaten esklabotza-harremanak kritikatu egiten dituzte[15] [16]; langileen autogestioa[17] eta antolaketa politikoko egitura deszentralizatuak babestuz.[18] [19] Tradizio eta mugimendu sozialista zabal gisa, sozialismo libertarioak pentsamendu anarkista eta marxista barne hartzen ditu, baita ezkerreko beste joera libertario batzuk ere[20] . Anarkismoa eta marxismo libertarioa dira sozialismo libertarioaren korronte nagusiak.[21] [22]

Sozialismo libertarioak, oro har, Estatuaren kontzeptua arbuiatzen du. [23] Askatasunean eta justizian oinarritutako gizartea defendatzen du. Hori lortzeko ekoizpen-bide jakin batzuk kontrolatzen duten jabedun klase edo politiko eta ekonomiko baten menpe jartzen duten erakunde autoritarioen abolizioaren bitartez soilik lor daitekeela aldarrikatzen dute. [24] Sozialista libertarioek zuzeneko demokrazian eta elkarte federal edo konfederaletan [25] oinarritutako egitura deszentralizatuen alde egiten dute, hala nola, hiritar / herri batzarrak, kooperatibak, munizipalismo libertarioa, sindikatuak eta langileen kontseiluak . [26] [27] Hori askatasunaren [28] eta elkartze askearen [29] deialdi orokor baten barruan egiten da, giza bizitzaren alderdi guztietan autoritate ez-legitimoa identifikatuz, kritikatuz eta era praktiko batean deseginez. [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] Sozialismo libertarioa boltxebismoaren , leninismoaren, fabianismoaren eta sozialdemokraziaren erreformismoaren ikuspegi autoritario eta abangoardistatik bereizten da . [38] [39]

Ezkerreko libertarismoaren forma eta alde sozialistak[40] [41] , sozialista libertario gisa deskribatu ohi diren iraganeko eta oraingo korronte eta mugimenduek barne hartzen dute anarkismoa (bereziki anarkismo-eskola anarkistak: anarkokomunismoa, anarkosindikalismoa[42] , anarkismo kolektibista[43] , anarkismo berdea, anarkismo indibidualista, mutualismoa eta anarkismo soziala)[43] [44] [45] [46], baita komunalismoa, sozialismo demokratikoaren zenbait forma, marxismo libertarioa [47] ( autonomismoa, kontseiluko komunismoa, [48] ezkerreko komunismoa eta Luxemburgismoa, besteak beste), [49] [50] sindikalismo iraultzailea eta sozialismo utopikoaren zenbait bertsio.

  1. ↑ Euskalterm: [Hiztegi terminologikoa] [2010]
  2. ↑ Brooks, Frank H. The Individualist Anarchists: An Anthology of Liberty Transaction Publishers (1994) p. 75
  3. ↑ Paul Zarembka. Transitions in Latin America and in Poland and Syria. Emerald Group Publishing, 2007. p. 25.
  4. ↑ Diemer, Ulli (1997). "What Is Libertarian Socialism?". The Anarchist Library. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
  5. ↑ McNally, David (1993). Against the Market: Political Economy, Market Socialism and the Marxist Critique. "'Proudhon did Enormous Mischief': Marx's Critique of the First Market Socialists". Verso Books.
  6. ↑ Davidson, John Morrison (1896). Anarchist Socialism vs. State Socialism at the London International Labour Congress (1896). W. Reeves.
  7. ↑ Bose, Atindranath (1967). A History of Anarchism. Calcutta: World Press.
  8. ↑ Bakunin, Mikhail. Stateless Socialism: Anarchism. In Maximoff, G. P. (1953). The Political Philosophy of Bakunin. New York City: The Free Press.
  9. ↑ Gale, Cengage Learning (2015). A Study Guide for Political Theories for Students: Anarchism. "Socialist Anarchism". Farmigton Hill, Minnesota: Gale.
  10. ↑ Poland, Jefferson; Sloan, Sam, ed. (1968). Sex Marchers. p. 57.
  11. ↑ Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilburn R., ed. The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America. London: SAGE Publications. p. 1006. ISBN 1412988764. "There exist three major camps in libertarian thought: right-libertarianism, socialist libertarianism, and left-libertarianism; the extent to which these represent distinct ideologies as opposed to variations on a theme is contested by scholars. [...] [S]ocialist libertarians view any concentration of power into the hands of a few (whether politically or economically) as antithetical to freedom and thus advocate for the simultaneous abolition of both government and capitalism".
  12. ↑ McKay, Iain (2013) An Anarchist FAQ. Volume 2. 1136 orrialde. AK Press. ISBN 978-1-84935-122-5
  13. ↑ Long, Roderick T. (2012). "Anarchism". In Gaus, Gerald F.; D'Agostino, Fred, eds. The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy. p. 223. "In the meantime, anarchist theories of a more communist or collectivist character had been developing as well. One important pioneer is French anarcho-communists Joseph Déjacque (1821–1864), who [...] appears to have been the first thinker to adopt the term 'libertarian' for this position; hence 'libertarianism' initially denoted a communist rather than a free-market ideology."
  14. ↑  doi:10.1017/S0265052500002028.. p. 305: "Yet, unlike other socialists, they tend (to various different degrees, depending on the thinker) to be skeptical of centralized state intervention as the solution to capitalist exploitation [...]."
  15. ↑ Bookchin, Murray; Biehl, Janet (1997). The Murray Bookchin Reader. Cassell. p. 170. ISBN 0-304-33873-7.
  16. ↑ Hicks, Steven V.; Shannon, Daniel E. (2003). The American Journal of Economics and Sociology. Blackwell Publisher. p. 612.
  17. ↑ "I1. Isn't libertarian socialism an oxymoron?" . In An Anarchist FAQ. "So, libertarian socialism rejects the idea of state ownership and control of the economy, along with the state as such. Through workers' self-management it proposes to bring an end to authority, exploitation, and hierarchy in production."
  18. ↑ Prichard, Alex; Kinna, Ruth; Pinta, Saku; Berry, Dave, eds. (December 2012). Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 13. "Their analysis treats libertarian socialism as a form of anti-parliamentary, democratic, antibureaucratic grass roots socialist organisation, strongly linked to working class activism."
  19. ↑  doi:10.1017/S0265052500002028.. p. 305: "[...] preferring a system of popular self-governance via networks of decentralized, local, voluntary, participatory, cooperative associations [...]"
  20. ↑ Marshall, Peter (2009) [1991]. Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism (POLS ed.). Oakland, California: PM Press. p. 641. ISBN 978-1604860641.
  21. ↑ Chomsky, Noam (1 February 1970). "Government in the Future". The Poetry Center, New York. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
  22. ↑ Wright, Chris (27 October 2005). "A libertarian Marxist tendency map". Libcom.org. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
  23. ↑ "I1. Isn't libertarian socialism an oxymoron?" . In An Anarchist FAQ. "So, libertarian socialism rejects the idea of state ownership and control of the economy, along with the state as such. Through workers' self-management it proposes to bring an end to authority, exploitation, and hierarchy in production."
  24. ↑ Mendes, Silva (1896). Socialismo Libertário ou Anarchismo. 1. "Society should be free through mankind's spontaneous federative affiliation to life, based on the community of land and tools of the trade; meaning: Anarchy will be equality by abolition of private property (while retaining respect for personal property) and liberty by abolition of authority."
  25. ↑ Leval, Gaston (1959). "Libertarian socialism: a practical outline". "We therefore foresee a Society in which all activities will be coordinated, a structure that has, at the same time, sufficient flexibility to permit the greatest possible autonomy for social life, or for the life of each enterprise, and enough cohesiveness to prevent all disorder. [...] In a well-organized society, all of these things must be systematically accomplished by means of parallel federations, vertically united at the highest levels, constituting one vast organism in which all economic functions will be performed in solidarity with all others and that will permanently preserve the necessary cohesion."
  26. ↑ Hart, David M.; Chartier, Gary; Kenyon, Ross Miller; Long, Roderick T., eds. (2017). Social Class and State Power: Exploring an Alternative Radical Tradition. Palgrave. p. 300. "[...] preferring a system of popular self governance via networks of decentralized, local, voluntary, participatory, cooperative associations-sometimes as a complement to and check on state power [...]."
  27. ↑ Rocker, Rudolf. (2004). Anarchism and anarchosindicalism. AK Press, 160 or. ISBN 978-1-902593-92.
  28. ↑ Long, Roderick T.. Toward a Libertarian Theory of Class.  doi:10.1017/S0265052500002028.. p. 305: "LibSoc share with LibCap an aversion to any interference to freedom of thought, expression or choicce of lifestyle."
  29. ↑ Diemer, Ulli (Summer 1997). "What is Libertarian Socialism?". The Red Menace. 2 (1). "What is implied by the term 'libertarian socialism'?: The idea that socialism is first and foremost about freedom and therefore about overcoming the domination, repression, and alienation that block the free flow of human creativity, thought, and action. [...] An approach to socialism that incorporates cultural revolution, women's and children's liberation, and the critique and transformation of daily life, as well as the more traditional concerns of socialist politics. A politics that is completely revolutionary because it seeks to transform all of reality. We do not think that capturing the economy and the state lead automatically to the transformation of the rest of social being, nor do we equate liberation with changing our life-styles and our heads. Capitalism is a total system that invades all areas of life: socialism must be the overcoming of capitalist reality in its entirety, or it is nothing."
  30. ↑ Chomsky, Noam. The Soviet Union Versus Socialism. .
  31. ↑ McLaughlin, Paul (2007). Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism. AshGate. p. 1. "Authority is defined in terms of the right to exercise social control (as explored in the "sociology of power") and the correlative duty to obey (as explred in the "philosophy of practical reason"). Anarchism is distinguished, philosophically, by its scepticism towards such moral relations – by its questioning of the claims made for such normative power – and, practically, by its challenge to those "authoritative" powers which cannot justify their claims and which are therefore deemed illegitimate or without moral foundation."
  32. ↑ Principles of The International of Anarchist Federations. . "The IAF – IFA fights for: the abolition of all forms of authority whether economical, political, social, religious, cultural or sexual."
  33. ↑ Goldman, Emma (1910). "What it Really Stands for Anarchy". In Anarchism and Other Essays. "Anarchism, then, really stands for the liberation of the human mind from the dominion of religion; the liberation of the human body from the dominion of property; liberation from the shackles and restraint of government. Anarchism stands for a social order based on the free grouping of individuals for the purpose of producing real social wealth; an order that will guarantee to every human being free access to the earth and full enjoyment of the necessities of life, according to individual desires, tastes, and inclinations."
  34. ↑ Tucker, Benjamin (1926). Individual Liberty. Individualist anarchist Benjamin Tucker defined anarchism as opposition to authority as follows: "They found that they must turn either to the right or to the left, – follow either the path of Authority or the path of Liberty. Marx went one way; Warren and Proudhon the other. Thus were born State Socialism and Anarchism. [...] Authority, takes many shapes, but, broadly speaking, her enemies divide themselves into three classes: first, those who abhor her both as a means and as an end of progress, opposing her openly, avowedly, sincerely, consistently, universally; second, those who profess to believe in her as a means of progress, but who accept her only so far as they think she will subserve their own selfish interests, denying her and her blessings to the rest of the world; third, those who distrust her as a means of progress, believing in her only as an end to be obtained by first trampling upon, violating, and outraging her. These three phases of opposition to Liberty are met in almost every sphere of thought and human activity. Good representatives of the first are seen in the Catholic Church and the Russian autocracy; of the second, in the Protestant Church and the Manchester school of politics and political economy; of the third, in the atheism of Gambetta and the socialism of Karl Marx."
  35. ↑ Ward, Colin. Anarchism as a Theory of Organization. .
  36. ↑ Ward, Colin (1966). "Anarchism as a Theory of Organization". "Anarchist historian George Woodcock report of Mikhail Bakunin's anti-authoritarianism and shows opposition to both state and non-state forms of authority as follows: "All anarchists deny authority; many of them fight against it." (p. 9) ... "Bakunin did not convert the League's central committee to his full program, but he did persuade them to accept a remarkably radical recommendation to the Berne Congress of September 1868, demanding economic equality and implicitly attacking authority in both Church and State."
  37. ↑ (Ingelesez) Brown, L. Susan. (2002). "Anarchism as a Political Philosophy of Existential Individualism: Implications for Feminism". The Politics of Individualism: Liberalism, Liberal Feminism and Anarchism.. Black Rose Books, 106 or..
  38. ↑ O'Neil, John (1998). The Market: Ethics, Knowledge and Politics. Routledge. p. 3. "It is forgotten that the early defenders of commercial society like [Adam] Smith were as much concerned with criticising the associational blocks to mobile labour represented by guilds as they were to the activities of the state. The history of socialist thought includes a long associational and anti-statist tradition prior to the political victory of the Bolshevism in the east and varieties of Fabianism in the west."
  39. ↑ El-Ojeili, Chamsi (2015). Beyond Post-Socialism: Dialogues with the Far-Left. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 8. "In some ways, it is perhaps fair to say that if Left communism is an intellectual- political formation, it is so, first and foremost, negatively – as opposed to other socialist traditions. I have labelled this negative pole 'socialist orthodoxy', composed of both Leninists and social democrats. [...] What I suggested was that these Left communist thinkers differentiated their own understandings of communism from a strand of socialism that came to follow a largely electoral road in the West, pursuing a kind of social capitalism, and a path to socialism that predominated in the peripheral and semi- peripheral countries, which sought revolutionary conquest of power and led to something like state capitalism. Generally, the Left communist thinkers were to find these paths locked within the horizons of capitalism (the law of value, money, private property, class, the state), and they were to characterize these solutions as statist, substitutionist and authoritarian."
  40. ↑ Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilburn R., ed. The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America. London: SAGE Publications. p. 1006. ISBN 1412988764. "There exist three major camps in libertarian thought: right-libertarianism, socialist libertarianism, and left-libertarianism; the extent to which these represent distinct ideologies as opposed to variations on a theme is contested by scholars. [...] [S]ocialist libertarians view any concentration of power into the hands of a few (whether politically or economically) as antithetical to freedom and thus advocate for the simultaneous abolition of both government and capitalism".
  41. ↑ Long, Roderick T. (2012). "Anarchism". In Gaus, Gerald F.; D'Agostino, Fred, eds. The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy. p. 223. "In the meantime, anarchist theories of a more communist or collectivist character had been developing as well. One important pioneer is French anarcho-communists Joseph Déjacque (1821–1864), who [...] appears to have been the first thinker to adopt the term 'libertarian' for this position; hence 'libertarianism' initially denoted a communist rather than a free-market ideology."
  42. ↑ Sims, Franwa. (2006). The Anacostia Diaries As It Is. Lulu Press, 160 or.. .
  43. ↑ a b An Anarchist FAQ. "(Benjamin) Tucker referred to himself many times as a socialist and considered his philosophy to be "Anarchistic socialism."
  44. ↑ Armand, Émile (1907). "Anarchist Individualism as a Life and Activity". French individualist anarchist Émile Armand shows clearly opposition to capitalism and centralized economies when he said that the individualist anarchist "inwardly he remains refractory – fatally refractory – morally, intellectually, economically (The capitalist economy and the directed economy, the speculators and the fabricators of single are equally repugnant to him.)"
  45. ↑ Sabatini, Peter (1994–1995). "Libertarianism: Bogus Anarchy". Anarchist Peter Sabatini reports that in the United States "of early to mid-19th century, there appeared an array of communal and "utopian" counterculture groups (including the so-called free love movement). William Godwin's anarchism exerted an ideological influence on some of this, but more so the socialism of Robert Owen and Charles Fourier. After success of his British venture, Owen himself established a cooperative community within the United States at New Harmony, Indiana during 1825. One member of this commune was Josiah Warren (1798–1874), considered to be the first individualist anarchist."
  46. ↑ Chartier, Gary; Johnson, Charles W. (2011). Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty. Brooklyn: Minor Compositions/Autonomedia. Back cover. "It introduces an eye-opening approach to radical social thought, rooted equally in libertarian socialism and market anarchism."
  47. ↑ Prichard, Alex; Kinna, Ruth; Pinta, Saku; Berry, Dave, eds. (December 2012). Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 13. "Locating libertarian socialism in a grey area between anarchist and Marxist extremes, they argue that the multiple experiences of historical convergence remain inspirational and that, through these examples, the hope of socialist transformation survives."
  48. ↑ Boraman, Toby (December 2012). "Carnival and Class: Anarchism and Councilism in Australasia during the 1970s". In Prichard, Alex; Kinna, Ruth; Pinta, Saku; Berry, Dave, eds. Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 268. "Councilism and anarchism loosely merged into 'libertarian socialism', offering a non-dogmatic path by which both council communism and anarchism could be updated for the changed conditions of the time, and for the new forms of proletarian resistance to these new conditions."
  49. ↑ Bookchin, Murray (1992). "The Ghost of Anarcho-Syndicalism".
  50. ↑ Graham, Robert. "The General Idea of Proudhon's Revolution".

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