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Aristotle //ˈærɪs tɒtəl / ; [ [1] Greek Aristotéles, pronounced {aristotélɛːs} ; 384-322 BC) Masanin falsafar Girka ne kuma masanin ilimin lissafi a lokacin zamanin gargajiya a tsohuwar Girka. Plato ya koyar da shi, shi ne wanda kuma ya kafa makarantar falsafar Peripatetic a cikin Lyceum da kuma al'adar Aristotelian mai faɗi. Rubuce-rubucensa sun ƙunshi batutuwa da yawa da suka haɗa da ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, ilmin halitta, ilimin dabbobi, metaphysics, dabaru, da'a, aesthetics, waƙoƙi, wasan kwaikwayo, kiɗa, lafazi, ilimin halin dan Adam, ilimin harshe, tattalin arziki, siyasa, sauyin yanayi, geology, da gwamnati. Aristotle ya ba da haɗaɗɗun nau'ikan falsafar da ke gabansa. Sama da duka daga koyarwarsa ne kasashen yamma suka gaji kamus na hankali, da matsaloli da hanyoyin bincike. A sakamakon haka, falsafarsa ta yi tasiri na musamman akan kusan kowane nau'i na ilimi a yammacin Turai kuma yana ci gaba da kasancewa batun tattaunawa ta falsafar zamani.
Ba a san komai game da rayuwarsa ba. An haifi Aristotle a birnin Stagira a Arewacin Girka. Mahaifinsa, Nikomachus, ya mutu sa’ad da Aristotle yake ƙarami, kuma wani mai kula da shi ya rene shi. Yana da shekara sha bakwai ko sha takwas ya shiga Kwalejin Plato a Athens kuma ya zauna a can har ya kai shekara talatin da bakwai ( c. 347 BC ). [2] Ba da daɗewa ba bayan Plato ya mutu, Aristotle ya bar Athens kuma, bisa buƙatar Philip II na Macedon, ya koyar da Alexander the Great tun daga 343 BC. [3] Ya kafa ɗakin karatu a Lyceum wanda ya taimaka masa ya fitar da yawancin ɗaruruwan littattafansa a kan naɗaɗɗen takarda. Ko da yake Aristotle ya rubuta kyawawan litattafai da tattaunawa don bugawa, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ainihin fitowar sa ya tsira, babu ɗayansa da aka yi niyya don bugawa. [4]
Ra'ayin Aristotle yana da siffa sosai ga malanta na tsakiyar zamanai. Tasirin kimiyyar jiki ya tashi daga Late Antiquity da Farkon Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Zamani zuwa Renaissance, kuma ba a maye gurbinsu da tsari ba har sai an haɓaka wayewa da ka'idoji irin su injiniyoyi na gargajiya . Wasu abubuwan duban dabbobin Aristotle da aka samu a cikin ilimin halittarsa, kamar a hannun hectocotyl (haihuwa) na dorinar ruwa, an kafirta su har zuwa karni na 19. Ya kuma rinjayi falsafar Judeo-Islam a lokacin Tsakiyar Zamani, da kuma tauhidin Kiristanci, musamman Neoplatonism na Cocin Farko da al'adar scholastic na Cocin Katolika. An girmama Aristotle a tsakanin malaman musulmi na zamanin da a matsayin "Malami na farko", kuma a cikin kiristoci na zamanin da kamar Thomas Aquinas a matsayin kawai "Masanin Falsafa", yayin da mawallafin Dante ya kira shi "shugaban wadanda suka sani". Ayyukansa sun ƙunshi sanannun binciken ilimin tunani na farko, kuma masana na zamanin da kamar Peter Abelard da John Buridan suka yi nazari.
Tasirin Aristotle akan dabaru ya ci gaba da kyau har zuwa ƙarni na 19. Bugu da kari, ƙa'idojinsa, ko da yake ko da yaushe yana da tasiri, ya sami sabon sha'awa tare da zuwan zamani na kyawawan dabi'u. Aristotle an kira shi "uban dabaru", "uban ilimin halitta", "uban kimiyyar siyasa", "uban ilimin dabbobi", "uban ilimin mahaifa", "uban shari'ar halitta", "da uban hanyar kimiyya", "uban maganganu", "uban ilimin halin ɗan Adam", "uban gaskiya", "uban zargi", "uban mutum-mutumi", "uban ilimin telebijin", da " uban meteorology". [6]
- ↑ Collins English Dictionary.
- ↑ Humphreys 2009.
- ↑ Russell 1972.
- ↑ Barnes 1995.
- ↑ Leroi 2015, p. 352.
- ↑ * "the father of logic": Wentzel Van Huyssteen, Encyclopedia of Science and Religion: A-I, p. 27
- "the father of biology": S. C. Datt, S. B. Srivastava, Science and society, p. 93.[5]
- "the father of political science": N. Jayapalan, Aristotle, p. 12, Jonathan Wolff, Lectures on the History of Moral and Political Philosophy, p. 48.
- the "father of zoology": Josef Rudolf Winkler, A Book of Beetles, p. 12
- "the father of embryology": D.R. Khanna, Text Book Of Embryology, p. 2
- "the father of natural law": Shellens, Max Solomon (1959). "Aristotle on Natural Law". Natural Law Forum. 4 (1): 72–100. doi:10.1093/ajj/4.1.72.
- "the father of scientific method": Shuttleworth, Martyn. "History of the Scientific Method". Explorable., Riccardo Pozzo (2004) The impact of Aristotelianism on modern philosophy. CUA Press. p. 41. 08033994793.ABA
- "the father of rhetoric": "Aristotle". History., Bizzell, P. and Bruce Herzberg. (2000). The Rhetorical Tradition: Readings from Classical Times to the Present. NY: Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 3.
- "the father of psychology": Margot Esther Borden, Psychology in the Light of the East, p. 4
- "the father of realism": Russell L. Hamm, Philosophy and Education: Alternatives in Theory and Practice, p. 58
- "the father of criticism": Nagendra Prasad, Personal Bias in Literary Criticism: Dr. Johnson, Matthew Arnold, T.S. Eliot, p. 70. Lord Henry Home Kames, Elements of Criticism, p. 237.
- "the father of meteorology":"What is meteorology?". Meteorological Office."94.05.01: Meteorology". Archived from the original on 21 July 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
- "the father of individualism": Allan Gotthelf, Gregory Salmieri, A Companion to Ayn Rand, p. 325.
- "the father of teleology": Malcolm Owen Slavin, Daniel H. Kriegman, The Adaptive Design of the Human Psyche: Psychoanalysis, Evolutionary Biology, and the Therapeutic Process, p. 292.