Daular Biritaniya

Daular Biritaniya
colonial empire (en)
Bayanai
Farawa	1583
Suna a harshen gida	British Empire
Participant in (en)	Battle of the Lys (en)
Yaren hukuma	Turanci
Take	God Save the King (en)
Nahiya	Afirka, Amurka, Asiya, Turai da Osheniya
Ƙasa	Birtaniya, Kingdom of Great Britain (en) , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland da Kingdom of England (en)
Babban birni	Landan
Tsarin gwamnati	constitutional monarchy (en)
Kuɗi	pound sterling (en)
Sun raba iyaka da	Russian Empire (en)
Wanda yake bi	English overseas possession (en)
Language used (en)	Turanci
Dissolved, abolished or demolished date (en)	1997
Tuta	Union Jack (en)
Kan sarki	royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom (en)
Adadin mutanen Aljeriya	demographics of the British Empire (en)
Wuri
51°30′26″N 0°07′39″W / 51.507222°N 0.1275°W / 51.507222; -0.1275

Daular Biritaniya ta ƙunshi masarautu, ƴan mamaya, protectorates, mandates, da sauran yankunan da Burtaniya da jihohin da suka gabace ta ke mulki ko kuma suke gudanarwa. Ta fara ne da kadarorin kasashen waje da wuraren kasuwanci da Ingila ta kafa a tsakanin karshen karni na 16 zuwa farkon karni na 18. A tsawonsa ita ce daula mafi girma a tarihi kuma, sama da karni guda, ita ce kan gaba a duniya. ^[1] A shekara ta 1913, Daular Biritaniya ta mamaye  mutane miliyan 412, 23% kashi dari na yawan mutanen duniya a lokacin, ^[2] kuma ya zuwa 1920, ta rufe 35.5 million square kilometres (13.7×10^⁶ sq mi) , ^[3] 24 kashi dari na daukacin fadin duniya. Sakamakon haka, gadonsa na tsarin mulki, na shari'a, na harshe, da al'adu ya yadu. A kololuwar ikonta, an kwatanta ta da “The empire on which the sun never sets ”, kamar yadda Rana ta kasance koyaushe tana haskakawa aƙalla ɗaya daga cikin yankunanta. ^[4]

A Age of Discovery a ƙarni na 15 da na 16, Portugal da Spain sun fara binciken Turai a duniya, kuma a cikin haka ne aka kafa manyan dauloli na ketare. Saboda hassada mai yawa da waɗannan masarautu suka samar, ^[5] Ingila, Faransa, da Netherlands sun fara kafa yankuna da cibiyoyin kasuwanci na nasu a cikin Amurka da Asiya. Jerin yaƙe-yaƙe a ƙarni na 17 da 18 tare da Netherlands da Faransa sun bar Ingila (Birtaniya, bin Dokar Tarayyar Turai ta 1707 tare da Scotland) mafi rinjayen mulkin mallaka a Arewacin Amirka. Biritaniya ta zama babbar ƙasa a cikin yankin Indiya bayan da Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya ya ci Mughal Bengal a Yaƙin Plassey a 1757.

Yaƙin ƴancin kai na Amurka ya sa Biritaniya ta yi asarar wasu tsoffin mazaunanta kuma mafi yawan jama'a a Arewacin Amurka ta 1783. Hankalin Birtaniyya ya juya zuwa Asiya, Afirka, da Pacific. Bayan cin nasarar Faransa a Yaƙin Napoleon (1803-1815), Biritaniya ta fito a matsayin babbar rundunar sojan ruwa da ikon daular a ƙarni na 19 kuma ta faɗaɗa hannun jarinta. Lokacin kwanciyar hankali (1815-1914) lokacin da Daular Burtaniya ta zama hegemon na duniya daga baya an kwatanta shi da Pax Britannica ("British Peace"). Tare da tsarin mulkin da Birtaniyya ta yi a kan yankunan da ta yi wa mulkin mallaka, yadda ta mamaye yawancin kasuwancin duniya yana nufin ta sarrafa tattalin arzikin yankuna da dama kamar Asiya da Latin Amurka. ^{[6] [7]} An ba da ƙarin digiri na 'yancin cin gashin kai ga fararen hular mazaunanta, wasu daga cikinsu an mayar da su a matsayin Sarakuna.

A farkon karni na 20, Jamus da Amurka sun fara ƙalubalantar jagorancin tattalin arzikin Biritaniya. Rikicin soji da na tattalin arziki tsakanin Biritaniya da Jamus sune manyan musabbabin yakin duniya na farko, wanda a lokacin Birtaniyya ta dogara ga daularta. Rikicin ya haifar da matsala mai yawa ga kayan aikin soja, kudi, da ma'aikata. Duk da cewa daular ta samu mafi girman yankinta nan da nan bayan yakin duniya na farko, Biritaniya ba ta kasance babbar karfin masana'antu ko soja a duniya ba. A yakin duniya na biyu, daular Japan ta mamaye yankunan da Birtaniyya ta yi wa mulkin mallaka a gabashin Asiya da kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Duk da nasarar ƙarshe da Birtaniyya da ƙawayenta suka yi, lalacewar martabar Birtaniyya ta taimaka wajen haɓaka koma bayan daular. Indiya, mallakin Biritaniya mafi daraja da yawan jama'a, ta sami 'yancin kai a cikin 1947 a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban yunkuri na kawar da mulkin mallaka, wanda Biritaniya ta ba da 'yancin kai ga yawancin yankuna na daular. Rikicin Suez na 1956 ya tabbatar da koma bayan Biritaniya a matsayin kasa mai karfi a duniya, da kuma mika Hong Kong zuwa kasar Sin a ranar 1 ga watan Yulin 1997 ya kawo karshen daular Burtaniya da dama. ^{[8] [9]} Yankuna 14 na ketare sun kasance a ƙarƙashin ikon mallakar Burtaniya. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, yawancin tsoffin ƙasashen Burtaniya da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka, tare da mafi yawan masarautu, sun shiga Commonwealth of Nations, ƙungiyar ƙasashe masu 'yanci. Sha biyar daga cikin waɗannan, ciki har da Burtaniya, suna riƙe da sarauta na gama gari, a halin yanzu Sarki Charles III.

1. ↑ Ferguson 2004b. sfn error: no target: CITEREFFerguson2004b (help)
2. ↑ Maddison 2001, p. 97: "The total population of the Empire was 412 million [in 1913]"; Maddison 2001, pp. 241: "[World population in 1913 (in thousands):] 1 791 020".
3. ↑ Taagepera, p. 502.
4. ↑ Jackson, pp. 5–6.
5. ↑ Russo 2012, p. 15 chapter 1 'Great Expectations': "The dramatic rise in Spanish fortunes sparked both envy and fear among northern, mostly Protestant, Europeans.".
6. ↑ Porter, p. 8.
7. ↑ Marshall, pp. 156–57.
8. ↑ Brendon, p. 660.
9. ↑ Brown, p. 594.